Frederico and his counselors hold court, 1950s
2.5. Traditional healers in Chamanculo, 1950s
2.6. A ground-rent receipt for a small plot in Chamanculo, 1958
2.7. 1960s-era Lisbon propaganda
3.1. Rute Malé inaugurates her concrete-block house, Chamanculo, 1963
3.2. Daniel Malé and Adelina Cossa at their Chamanculo home, 2011
3.3. Mozambique’s governor-general awards a property title, Matola, 1960s
3.4. “Residence of an African family under construction,” Matola, 1960s
3.5. The house of Maria Esperança Tavares, Chamanculo, 2011
3.6. The Bairro Clandestino do Aeroporto, 1969
3.7. Hulene, 1987
3.8. Concrete blocks stamped with identifying letters
3.9. Hulene, 1987
3.10. Concrete blocks, though in storage, already serve as walls, Hulene, 1987
3.11. Zinc, blocks, and reeds used together, 1987
3.12. Ceramic block construction, 1987
3.13. Hulene, 1987
3.14. Site plan and concrete house floor plan in and 3.15 Maxaquene, 1976
3.16. Fabricating concrete blocks, 1982
3.17. Shoveling stone aggregate, 1978
3.18. A street of masonry houses, Hulene, 1987
3.19. Alfredo Manjate in the courtyard of his Chamanculo home, 2011
4.1. The City of Cement, 1994
4.2. Crates of household possessions at the docks, September 1974
4.3. The Bairro da Munhuana, 1987
4.4. Samora Machel, Mozambique’s first president, Maputo, 1980
4.5. Sebastião Chitombe at his home, 2017
4.6. A broken sewage line at an apartment block in the City of Cement, 1989
4.7. Families evicted from their homes, 1994
4.8. In the City of Cement, 2002
5.1. A debate on household plot size during the parceling of Maxaquene, 1978
5.2. Maxaquene, as the project began, 1977
5.3. The urbanization commission meets with planners Pinsky and Sävfors
5.4. A neighborhood meeting to discuss the progress of the project
5.5. Residents of Maxaquene insisted that the new access roads be straight
5.6. Building a model house
5.7. “Now we are urbanizado”
5.8. A 2018 satellite image showing parts of Maxaquene and Polana Caniço
5.9. The making of a new city block in Maxaquene
5.10. People in Maxaquene demanded ready access to water
5.11. Polana Caniço and the Polana Golf Club, 2018
5.12. Maxaquene, 1978–79
C.1. Graça Ferreira builds her house, Matola, 2011
C.2. Castigo Guambe, with the blocks he fabricates and sells, Chamanculo, 2011
C.3. The City of Cement, 2017
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Even if I were gifted with perfect recall, the following would remain an abridged account of all those who have helped produce this book. A list of the people I interviewed, who generously shared their stories, their personal archives, and their mornings with me, appears at the beginning of the Sources section. If academic conventions were other than what they are, that list would appear right here.
This project would not have been possible without the support of the University of British Columbia’s Department of History, the UBC Hampton Fund, the Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, the Fundação Luso-Americana, the University of Minnesota Office of International Programs, a Mellon Scholar Fellowship administered by the University of Minnesota’s Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change, and a Fulbright Program grant sponsored by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the US Department of State. A predoctoral fellowship at the Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies at the University of Virginia, led by Deborah McDowell, allowed me two years to write an earlier iteration of this book in excellent company.
I have been in excellent company throughout, actually: in Chamanculo and among colleagues at the University of British Columbia, the University of Minnesota, the Center for African Studies at the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (led by Carlos Arnaldo), and the Centre for Humanities Research at the University of the Western Cape (led by Premesh Lalu). In Mozambique, Padre Humberto Kuijpers of the Igreja de São Joaquim da Munhuana and Bento Sitoe of the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane kindly put me in touch with several of the people I interviewed. In Portugal, Miguel Vaz of the Fundação Luso-Americana and Paulo Batista of the Associação Cultural e Recreativa dos Naturais e Ex-residentes de Moçambique connected me with Portuguese who had lived in Mozambique before and after independence. It was a great pleasure to explore Chamanculo’s history with Januário “Hytho” Chitombe, my research assistant for most of this project. I am also grateful to Andrade Filipe Muhale and Gil Chirindza, research assistants in early 2011, for their help in getting the interviewing project off the ground. Manuel Macandza facilitated and took part in conversations I had in 2008 with residents of Hulene B and Xipamanine. Chapane Mutiua and Hélio Maúngue transcribed many of the interviews. Ernesto Dimande and Crisófia Langa translated several interviews from the original Changana and Ronga, as well as several articles from the Ronga-language pages of O Brado Africano. Jake Harms and Eusébio Xerinda provided additional research help. Michael Taber compiled the index. Thank you all.
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