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The PhotoGuides Guide to Photography
By Ash Davies
Chapter 1
Cameras 101
The digital camera is a beautifully simple piece of technology. Every camera, be it film or digital, works in the same basic way. Light from the scene beams through your camera’s lens, through the aperture, through the shutter and onto your camera’s film or sensor. This light paints our photograph.
Point and Shoot Cameras
Point and Shoot cameras are cameras with fixed, non interchangeable lenses. Point and Shoot cameras are generally compact and automated. The camera manages everything for you automatically, leaving you to just point the camera at the scene and shoot the photo. Point and Shoot cameras are becoming more capable, but they will never match the overall image quality of an SLR.
SLR
SLR stands for Single-Lens Reflex. SLRs are the larger, more ‘professional’ looking cameras that allow you to change lenses and delve deep into the settings. The name SLR explains the mirror and viewfinder system within the camera. Light comes through the lens, bounces off a series of mirrors and can then be seen through the viewfinder. By changing lenses you can explore new realms of photography, from macro to zoom, from wide angle to tilt shift. SLRs are wonderfully expandable, incredibly capable cameras.
Megapixels
Every digital camera contains a digital sensor that captures light and creates your photograph. Your photograph is made up of millions of dots of light. Each tiny dot of light is called a pixel, so your camera’s Megapixel specification denotes the size and resolution of your photos. More megapixels will allow you to print your photographs in a larger size or zoom in further on a computer. Be careful though when looking at cameras. More megapixels doesn’t always mean a better quality photo. Some cheap, high megapixel cameras can produce noisy, low quality images. Megapixels are an important characteristic of a camera, but they don’t mean everything.
Chapter 2
The Dial
Most cameras have a dial that allows you to easily switch between different modes. Whilst manufacturers now offer many different scene modes, all dials have the same five basic functions. Please note all terms are explained later in the book.
Auto Mode
On Auto mode your camera does everything for you. It controls all of the settings to provide you with a correctly exposed photo. ISO, shutter speed, white balance and aperture are all automatically selected so that you only need to press the shutter button.
Programmable Mode (P)
Programable mode is the next step up from Auto mode. The camera will still control your shutter speed and aperture to ensure your photo is correctly exposed, but it will give you full control over ISO, white balance and many other options. Most photographers never use Auto mode and use Programable mode instead because it’s simple and automated, but offers a great deal of flexibility. On P mode you can control the colours and style of your photo without having to adjust your exposure after every shot.
Shutter Speed Priority Mode (S)
This mode will provide you with the ability to manually configure your camera’s shutter speed. Using a separate dial you will be able to increase or decrease the time the shutter is open for, whilst your camera automatically selects your aperture to ensure your photo is correctly exposed. Furthermore, your white balance and ISO will be fully adjustable. This mode is perfect for when you want to capture motion or for when you want to stop a fast moving option right in its tracks.
Aperture Priority Mode (A)
Aperture Priority mode will allow you to manually control your camera’s aperture whilst the camera automatically selects the shutter speed. Aperture refers to the size of the opening within the lens, and by using a separate dial to control this aperture you can increase or decrease the amount of light that can pass through the lens. This mode gives you control over lighting and depth of field without having to worry about exposure.
Manual Mode (M)
Manual mode gives you full control. On this setting you can adjust every element of your photo. Shutter speed and Aperture are independently adjustable, and you also have control over white balance, ISO and every other setting of your camera. This mode demands the greatest amount of thought and shouldn’t be used all the time. Manual mode is perfect for when you want your photo to have a certain feel. For example when you’re photographing a landscape at night, Manual Mode is perfect as it allows you to adjust every element of your camera to capture all of the light. Using Manual mode is also a great way to learn about your camera. There is no doubt that playing with this mode will give you a greater understanding of how each element affects a photograph, and this understanding is likely to improve your photography.
Scene Modes
Most digital cameras come with a selection of Scene Modes. These modes are typically selectable via the dial. These scene modes generally include a Portrait mode, a Landscape mode, a Night mode and a Sports mode. These scene modes simply automate your camera’s settings to provide you with the best photo. For example, on Sports Mode a faster shutter speed will be selected to capture the action. On Portrait Mode a lower aperture will be selected to create a shallow depth of field, which is a convention that tends to create the nicest portrait photographs. Landscape mode will select a higher aperture to create a larger depth of field and Night mode will adjust the settings to ensure you capture all of the light in the dark conditions. Scene modes are like cheat sheets for different photography situations. Everything they do can be controlled through the other modes, but Scene modes set your camera up without requiring you to think.
Chapter 3
Aperture
When you’re in a dark room, the pupils in your eyes will dilate to let as much light in as possible. Switch the light on and you’ll find that your eyes instantly contract so that you’re not blinded. On a camera, the aperture works in a very similar way. It expands to let in more light when it’s needed, and in brighter situations it shrinks to ensure your photo isn’t over exposed.
By controlling your camera’s aperture you are controlling the amount of light that enters the lens. Aperture is controllable by a measure known as F-Stops. Each F-stop represents a different level of expansion or contraction. A smaller F-Stop, such as F2.8 represents a larger aperture and a wider opening. A larger F-Stop however, such as F22 denotes a smaller aperture and smaller opening.
Aperture can be controlled by switching your camera to Aperture Priority
