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2.1. Besides having good yield, biotransformation process has several disadvantages like formation of undesired by‐products, expensive downstream processing, unproductive metabolic flow, cytotoxicity of precursors used (Gallage and Møller, 2015), and the difficulty in process optimization of the microbes used. In order to overcome these problems and to meet the market demand, biotechnological approaches including metabolic and genetic engineering are being employed and these methods have gained much importance nowadays because of higher yield of vanillin.
Figure 2.2 Biotransformation pathways of vanillin in microbes using various substrates.
Table 2.1 List of microorganisms capable of producing vanillin from various substrates.
| Organism | Substrate | References |
|---|---|---|
| Gram‐positive bacteria | ||
| Amycolatopsis sp. HR167 | Eugenol | Overhage et al. (2006) |
| Rhodococcus opacus PD630 | Eugenol | Plaggenborg et al. (2006) |
| Bacillus subtilis B7‐S | Ferulic acid | Bomgardner (2016) |
| Bacillus licheniformis SHL1 | Ferulic acid | Ashengroph et al. (2011) |
| Bacillus aryabhattai BA03 | Ferulic acid | Paz et al. (2016) |
| Streptomyces halstedii GE107678 | Ferulic acid | Brunati et al. (2004) |
| Streptomyces setonii ATCC 39116 | Ferulic acid | Achterholt et al. (2000) |
| Lactic acid bacteria | Ferulic acid | Bloem et al. (2007) |
| Pediococcus acidilactici | Ferulic acid | Kaur et al. (2013) |
| Amycolatopsissp.sp. HR167 | Ferulic acid | Overhage et al. (2006) |
| Streptomyces sp. V‐1 | Ferulic acid | Huaet al. (2007) |
| Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 | Ferulic acid | Fleige et al. (2013) |
| Bacillus subtilis MTCC 1427 | Ferulic acid, Eugenol and Isoeugenol | Rana et al. (2013) |
| Bacillus subtilis | Isoeugenol | Shimoni et al. (2000) |
| Arthrobacter sp. TA13 | Isoeugenol | Shimoni et al. (2003) |
| Bacillus fusiformis SW‐B9 | Isoeugenol | Zhao et al. (2005) |
| Bacillus subtilis HS8 | Isoeugenol | Zhang et al. (2006) |
| Bacillus fusiformis CGMCC134 | Isoeugenol | Zhao et al. (2005) |
| Bacillus pumilus S‐1 | Isoeugenol | Hua et al. (2007) |
| Bacillus coagulans BK07 | Ferulic acid | Karmakar et al. (2000) |
| Psychrobacter sp. CSW4 | Isoeugenol | Ashengroph et al. (2012) |
| Gram‐negative bacteria | ||
| Pseudomonas putida KT2440 | Ferulic acid | Plaggenborg et al. (2003) |
| Pseudomonas sp. | Ferulic acid | Agrawal et al. (2003) |
| Enterobacter sp. Px6‐4 | Ferulic acid | Li et al. (2008) |
| Pseudomonas putida I58 | Isoeugenol | Furukawa et al. (2003) |
| Pseudomonas chlororaphis CDAE5 | Isoeugenol | Kasana et al. (2007) |
| Pseudomonas putida IE27 | Isoeugenol | Yamada et al. (2007) |
| Pseudomonas sp. KOB10 | Isoeugenol | Ashengroph et al. (2010) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISPC2 | Isoeugenol | Ashengroph et al. (2011) |
| Pseudomonas nitroreducens | Isoeugenol | Unno et al. (2007) |
| Pycnoporus cinnabarinus MUCL39533 | Ferulic acid | Alvarado et al. (2001) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens AN103 | Ferulic acid | Del Carmen Martínez‐Cuesta et al. (2005) |
| Escherichia coli JM109 (pBB1) | Ferulic acid | Barghini et al. (2007) |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Ferulic acid | Dal Bello (2013) |
| Pseudomonas sp. HR199 | Eugenol | Overhage et al. (2000) |
| Pseudomonas resinovorans SPR1 | Eugenol |
Ashengroph
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