slope efficiency...Figure D.7 Wafer maps showing the variation in DC‐measured parameters on a 1...Figure D.8 Box plots showing the variation in DC measured parameters on a 15...Figure D.9 Correlation of threshold current and wall plug efficiency as a fu...Figure D.10 Wafer map of relaxation oscillation frequency sampled and mapped...Figure D.11 Power emission form a single die on a wafer under different puls...15 Appendix EFigure E.1 Reliability bathtub curve showing the early failure rate (red), r...Figure E.2 (a) Plot of acceleration factor as a function of temperature for ...Figure E.3 (a) Plot of wavelength as a function of PDISS and (b) the calcula...Figure E.4 Thermal image of a two‐dimensional VCSEL array and the measured t...Figure E.5 (a) top view from a TEM cross‐section of a VCSEL active region th...Figure E.6 (a) Plan‐view TEM image of an oxide isolated VCSEL showing the pr...Figure E.7 Cross‐section view of a typical oxide isolated VCSEL with a lumpe...Figure E.8 Reverse I‐V characteristic of a normal VCSEL and one that has bee...Figure E.9 Forward bias electroluminescence image showing ESD damage locatio...Figure E.10 Plan‐view and cross‐sectional views of EOS, HBM, MM, and ESD dam...Figure E.11 Damage threshold for HBM ESD events as a function of the emissio...Figure E.12 (a) shows low‐current luminescence image of a VCSEL with a darke...Figure E.13 Measured power output as a function of current for a VCSEL prior...Figure E.14 Damage threshold for HBM ESD events as a function of the emissio...Figure E.15 Results from an automotive AECQ‐102 qualification [27].
16 Appendix FFigure F.1 Measurement configuration for eye‐safety classification.Figure F.2 Plot of the MPE limit in J/cm2 as a function of exposure time (le...Figure F.3 Schematic of the optical system used to determine extended source...
17 Appendix GFigure G.1 Features and format of laser display [6].Figure G.2 Principles of laser projectors: (a) mems scanner and (b) spatial ...Figure G.3 Gamut standards [9].Figure G.4 Gamut examples. (The color of each system depends on devices used...Figure G.5 Image of semiconductor laser set for primary color display.Figure G.6 Method of extracting green color from nonlinear crystals placed i...Figure G.7 Second harmonic generation VCSEL generating green in the resonato...Figure G.8 Laser‐backlight liquid‐crystal display [5, 6, 16].
18 Appendix HFigure H.1 Attenuation of typical POF as a function of wavelength.Figure H.2 Normalized absorption spectra of several blood hemoglobins as a f...Figure H.3 Implementation of a blood oximeter in the Apple Watch using four ...
19 Appendix IFigure I.1 Bandgap energy vs. lattice constants.Figure I.2 InGaN‐VCSEL reports.Figure I.3 Lasing light from blue VCSEL.Figure I.4 VCSEL cross‐section with curved dielectric mirrors [29].Figure I.5 Full (white) color generation from red/green/blue VCSELs.
20 Appendix JSchematic J.1.1 Classification of photodetectors for light‐based communicati...Figure J.1.2.1 Schematic of reverse‐biased p‐n junction (light characteristi...Figure J.1.2.2 (a) Absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength for di...Figure J.2.1 Schematic of sources of noise in photodetectorsFigure J.3.1.1 Schematic x‐section of (a) p‐n and (b) p‐i‐n PDs with associa...Figure J.3.2.1 (a) Schematic structure of APD with impact ionization and (b)...Figure J.3.3.1 Operating regimes with non‐linear avalanche processes in SPAD...Figure J.3.4.1 (a) Cross section of single SAPD as microcell SiPM, and (b) i...Figure J.3.6.1 Structure and charge transfer in (a–e) CCD and (f–g) 4T CMOS ...Figure J.3.7.1 (a) FLIM images HeLa cells (20–40 μm diameter) with visible i...
Guide
6 About the Book and Authors Biographies
7 Foreword
8 Preface
11 List of Image Contributions
14 Appendix A VCSELs Design Engineering
15 Appendix B Epitaxial Growth Engineering
16 Appendix C Wafer Process Engineering
17 Appendix D Wafer Level Testing
18 Appendix E Reliability and Product Qualification
19 Appendix F Eye Safety Considerations
20 Appendix G Laser Displays and TV
22 Appendix I GaN‐Based VCSELs
24 Index
26 The Comsoc Guides to Communications Technologies
27 Wiley End User License Agreement
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