it was an interesting launch for the HCV product. We priced the product at exactly the same as the existing standard of care, which worked about 50 percent of the time, and are providing a benefit that, based on real world experience, works about 98 percent of the time. From our perspective, it was a very good value. What happened was a failure to understand exactly how many people were direly ill and had to come into care. That is, there were hundreds of thousands of people who needed this immediately, whose doctors felt that they needed this immediately. The surge into the system was very large, and that created a lot of anxiety around the payers and of course created an outcry against us for having mispriced the product.”
As Milligan pointed out, no one questioned the value of the product. Not only are people cured of hepatitis C but an enormous saving is also accrued by the healthcare system down the line as SovaldiTM reduces the ultimate consequences of HCV: cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure, the need for liver transplants, liver cancer, and, ultimately, death. But despite the tremendous benefits of SovaldiTM, Milligan took a contrite tone:
“I think our failure, if I have to take a step backwards, was that we were unable to have a good enough conversation with the payers. Perhaps we were a little conservative about what we could have or should have said to them to allow them to prepare for the number of patients that came forward. Honestly, it was far more than we thought. We did not think the system could or would try to handle as many patients as it did. We essentially quadrupled the number of patients treated in a year. That surge really created a lot of pain.”
Milligan was being overly apologetic. Payers certainly know how many of the patients in their plans have HCV. Furthermore, the FDA approval of SovaldiTM was no surprise. The clinical trials for this drug were well publicized, as were the remarkable results. Payers often claim that they will pay for true value. SovaldiTM certainly demonstrated that both in terms of benefiting patients and offering reduced healthcare costs. This is a life‐saving, cost‐saving drug. Their outcry against Gilead’s list price went against the claims that this is the type of therapy they want the biopharmaceutical industry to produce.
But, again, the discussion focused on Sovaldi’sTM list price. In fact, as other companies like Merck and AbbVie came up with their own cures, the price to the US payers dropped precipitously. Curing patients for $40 000 or less is a bargain compared to the cost of previous, less effective treatments.
SovaldiTM is a great example of the value that innovative drugs can bring to us all. Yes, there are examples of terrible gouging, such as irresponsible price hikes for generic drugs or wanton price increases that some companies make for their drugs two or three times a year. But Gilead did not do that. If a company is denied reasonable pricing for excellent new drugs, then the biopharmaceutical industry will likely stagnate and many new opportunities for drug R&D will go unfunded.
This was a great opportunity for Gilead’s CEO to voice these issues. It is too bad he did not.
The availability of HCV cures was especially timely for Vietnam War veterans. Many of these heroes contracted the disease as a result of battlefield injuries requiring blood transfusions. They were now suffering from the consequences of this largely silent menace – liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Without these drugs, the sicker of these patients were facing certain death.
At the 24th Annual Wharton Health Care Business Conference, Dr. David J. Shulkin, the Secretary of the US Department of Veterans Affairs, announced that the VA was on track to eliminate hepatitis C infections for those willing and able to be treated. In October 2014, the VA had over 146 000 veterans afflicted with hepatitis C. Dr. Shulkin predicted this number would drop to 20 000 [4].
How did this happen? Here is the VA’s response as contained in their 2018 Budget in Brief:
“In 2014, VA began a ground‐breaking system of care for Veterans with the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). The Food and Drug Administration approved two new, highly‐effective drugs – Sofosbuvir (SovaldiTM) and Simeprevir (OlysioTM) – that work to change the lives of Veterans infected with hepatitis C. Prior to the introduction of the new high‐cost treatments therapies in the VA system in January 2014, treatments for hepatitis C were often ineffective and presented considerable side‐effects. By contrast, the new treatment options are considerably more effective than earlier options and are much easier to administer. Cure of HCV significantly decreases the risk of progression of the disease to cirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer, and death. VA wants to ensure that all Veterans eligible for these new drugs, based on their clinician’s recommendation, receive the medication”
Source: [5] John LaMattina/Forbes Media LLC.
But what about the high cost of these drugs? While the retail price of SovaldiTM was $84 000 at launch, the VA is allowed by law to negotiate drug prices. In addition, as has been mentioned, other hepatitis C cures have been brought to market over the intervening years such as AbbVie’s Viekira PakTM and Merck’s ZepatierTM, thus putting purchasers in a good negotiating position. Here is how the VA described drug costs in their 2018 Budget in Brief:
“VA successfully worked with the manufacturers of these drugs to receive a reduced price for their use to treat Veterans. VA estimates the drugs will cost $748.8 million and provide 31,200 treatments in 2017 and costs increasing to $751.2 million for 28,000 treatments in 2018”
Source: John LaMattina [5].
If you quickly do the math, 59 200 US veterans will be cured of hepatitis C for roughly $25 300 for each soldier treated.
This is a great story. Thanks to the VA’s commitment as well as the innovation on the part of the manufacturers, a major health issue for our veterans is being eliminated.
While the drop in the cost of hepatitis C drugs has benefited the VA in getting veterans these life‐saving medications, not all government agencies can take advantage of this situation. A case in point is the prison system. Kaiser Health News [6] reported that 144 000 inmates across 49 states had not been treated with any of the hepatitis C drugs. The reason is cost. Even at $25 000, the price is prohibitive for state prison budgets. The situation in Minnesota is pretty typical. Dr. David Paulson, medical director, was quoted saying: “If we treat everybody with hepatitis C, it would exceed the entire total pharmaceutical budget for everything else and there would not be enough budget left to treat patients with other diseases. We need to do what brings the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people.” It is estimated that in Minnesota alone there are 1500 inmates with hepatitis C.
Kaiser estimates that 75 000 hepatitis C patients are released back into the general population annually. As stated before, if not treated, many will progress to cirrhosis, liver cancer, or may even require a liver transplant, all of which would be far more expensive than curing the infection. Furthermore, they could be a source of infection in the community.
Interestingly, two professors, Dr. Anne Spaulding (Emory University) and Dr. Jagpreet Chhatwal (Harvard Medical School), have proposed a solution to this problem – “Nominal Pricing [7].”
“This pricing mechanism provides deep discounts of at least 90 percent on drugs to so‐called safety‐net facilities. (By law, the nominal price of a drug must be less than 10 percent of its average market price.) These include hospitals and clinics that treat many patients without insurance or who are homeless. Because of the high markup on hepatitis C drugs, a nominal price is still well above the cost to manufacture the pills.
Nominal pricing permits manufacturers to sell drugs to safety‐net facilities at a low price without disrupting the Medicaid market. Offering a discount to one customer usually triggers a similar discount on any drugs sold in the Medicaid program. Nominal pricing provides a way
