the particle/matrix interface r = a, the following conditions are imposed
where both the temperature and the normal heat flux are assumed to be continuous across the interface, and where the isotropic thermal conductivities of particles and matrix are denoted by κpandκm, respectively. The temperature distribution T(r,θ) in the particle and matrix, satisfying (3.3), the condition at infinity and the interface conditions (3.5), is given by
As x3=rcosθ, the temperature gradient is uniform within the particle. Any temperature T0 can be added to (3.6) without affecting the satisfaction of the interface conditions (3.5). As an infinite medium having a uniform temperature gradient is considered, it is inevitable that temperatures lower than absolute zero will be encountered. This physical absurdity can be avoided by assuming that the system is taken as a spherical region having a very large but finite radius, in which case T0 would be chosen large enough to ensure that the absolute temperature distribution is everywhere positive.
3.2.3 Maxwell’s Methodology for Estimating Conductivity
The first step of Maxwell’s approach considers the effect of embedding in the infinite isotropic matrix, an isolated cluster of isotropic spherical particles of different types that can be just contained within a sphere of radius b, as illustrated in Figure 3.1(a). The isotropic thermal conductivity of particles of type i is denoted by κp(i). The cluster is assumed to be effectively homogeneous regarding the distribution of particles, leading to an isotropic effective thermal conductivity κeff for the composite lying within the sphere of radius b. For a single particle, the matrix temperature distribution is perturbed from the distribution (3.4) to the distribution (3.6) that depends on particle geometry and properties. The perturbing effect in the matrix at large distances from the cluster of particles is estimated by superimposing the perturbations caused by each spherical particle, regarded as being isolated. The second step recognises that, at very large distances from the cluster, all the particles can be considered located at the origin that is chosen to be situated at the centre of one of the particles in the cluster. Thus, for the case of multiple phases, the approximate temperature distribution in the matrix at large distances from the cluster is given by the following generalisation of the second of relations (3.6):
On using (3.1), this relation may be expressed in terms of the volume fractions so that
The third step involves replacing the composite having discrete particles lying within the sphere of radius b by a homogeneous spherical isotropic effective medium (see Figure 3.1(b)) having radius b and having the isotropic effective thermal conductivity κeff of the composite. On using (3.6), the temperature distribution in the matrix outside the sphere of effective medium having radius b is then given exactly, for a given value of κeff, by
If the cluster in Figure 3.1(a) is represented accurately by the effective medium shown in Figure 3.1(b), then, at large distances from the cluster, the temperature distributions (3.8) and (3.9) should be identical, leading to the fourth step, where the perturbation terms in relations (3.8) and (3.9) are equated, so that
which is a ‘mixtures’ relation for the quantity 1/(κ+2κm). On using (3.1), the effective thermal conductivity may be estimated using
