извержение супервулкана и последующая многолетняя вулканическая зима, глобальное потепление, зомби-апокалипсис, которые, по мнению выживальщиков, могут положить конец существованию человеческой цивилизации и к которым нужно готовиться заранее (Прим. пер.).
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Археологическим проектом Фурни руководили доктор Георгий Кутсуфлакис из Эфората подводных древностей (Греческое агентство морской археологии) и доктор Питер Кэмпбелл из Университета Крэнфилда в Англии, и я благодарен за то, что меня пригласили принять участие в данном проекте.
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Джон Кэбот исследовал побережье Ньюфаундленда в 1497 году, а Жуан Фернандеш Лаврадор нанес на карту прибрежные районы Лабрадора в 1499 году, но не основал поселений.
Комментарии
1
Christopher Begley, “I Study Collapsed Civilizations. Here Is My Advice for a Climate Change Apocalypse,” Lexington Herald-Leader, September 23, 2019, www.kentucky.com/opinion/op-ed/article235384162.html/.
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Emma Gause, “A Critique: Jared Diamond’s Collapse Put in Perspective.” Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 24, no. 1 (2014): Art. 16, https://doi.org/10.5334/pia.467.
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Very good examples include Guy D. Middleton, Understanding Collapse: Ancient History and Modern Myths (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017), and eds. Patricia A. McAnany and Norman Yoffee, Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
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The volume of archaeological publications dedicated to the concept of collapse, or to particular events labeled “collapses” is enormous. Readers who want to explore this issue further might start with the following publications that have been among the most informative for me:
Ronald K. Faulseit, ed., Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016); Patricia A. McAnany and Norman Yoffee, eds., Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire (Carbondale: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Glenn M. Schwartz, and John J. Nichols, eds., After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 2006); and Joseph A. Tainter, The Collapse of Complex Societies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
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Philip P. Betancourt, “The Aegean and the Origins of the Sea Peoples,” in The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, ed. E. D. Oren (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000); John J. Janusek, “Collapse as Cultural Revolution: Power and Identity in the Tiwanaku to Pacajes Transition,” in The Foundations of Power in the Prehispanic Andes, Archaeological Papers No. 14, eds. K. J. Vaughn, D. E. Ogburn, and C. A. Conlee (Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, 2004), 175–209.
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This notion of our explanations of the past intersecting with contemporary concerns has been voiced by archaeologists for decades, for example in Richard R. Wilk, “The Ancient Maya and the Political Present,” Journal of Anthropological Research 41 (1985): 307–326.
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Guy D. Middleton, “Nothing Lasts Forever: Environmental Discourses on the Collapse of Past Societies,” Journal of Archaeological Research 20 (2012): 257–307.
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Joel W. Palka, “Ancient Maya Defensive Barricades, Warfare, and Site Abandonment,” Latin American Antiquity 12, no. 4 (December 2001): 427–430; C. Hernandez, “Defensive Barricades of the Maya,” in Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, ed. H. Selin (Dordrecht: Springer, 2014), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_10086-1; Takeshi Inomata, “The Last Day of a Fortified Classic Maya Center: Archaeological Investigations at Aguateca, Guatemala,” Ancient Mesoamerica 8, no. 2 (1997): 337–351.
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Christopher Begley. “Ancient Mosquito Coast: Why Only Certain Material Culture Was Adopted from Outsiders,” in Southeastern Mesoamerica: Indigenous Interaction, Resilience, and Change, ed. Whitney A. Goodwin et al. (Louisville: University Press of Colorado, 2021), 157–178.
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Scott Hutson et al., “A Historical Processual Approach to Continuity and Change in Classic and Postclassic Yucatan,” in Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies, ed. Ronald K. Faulseit (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016), 287–19.
11
H. J. Spinden, “The Population of Ancient America,” Geographical Review 18, no. 4 (1928): 641–660, https://doi.org/10.2307/207952.Notes to Chapter 1 251.
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Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking Press, 2005).
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Some examples include Justine Shaw, “Climate Change and Deforestation: Implications for the Maya Collapse,” Ancient Mesoamerica 14 (2003): 157–167 and Elliot M. Abrams and David J. Rue, “The Causes and Consequences of Deforestation Among the Prehistoric Maya,” Human Ecology 16 (1988): 377–395.
14
Cameron L. McNeil, David A. Burney, and Lida Pigott Burney, “Evidence Disputing Deforestation as the Cause for the Collapse of the Ancient Maya Polity of Copan, Honduras.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
