никова, 2017
© Роман Алексеевич Голобоков, cover design, 2017
ISBN 978-5-4483-7679-5
Created with intellectual publishing system Ridero
House of Lords
The House of Lords, House of Lords, is the highest, or upper house of the UK Parliament. Also submitted to the Parliament includes in its membership the Sovereign and the lower house, sometimes called the House of Representatives or the House of Commons. Total House of Lords has a membership of 730 unelected members, namely: two archbishops, 24 bishops of the Church of England, which is called the spiritual lords, and 706 members of the Peerage, or secular lords. Lords Spirituals are the members of the House as long as they hold their spiritual position, the secular lords, are members for life. All members of the House of Lords referred to.
The House of Lords was founded in the XIV century and functioned almost always. Until 1544 the name “House of Lords” was not in use. From 1649 until 1660 the House of Lords did not function, because It was abolished by the government that came to power as a result of the English Civil War. Before historical moment the House of Lords had more weight and more meaning than election the House of Commons (the lower house). Nevertheless, from the XIX century, the distribution of forces began to change, and the time of the upper house of Nada much weaker bottom. An Act of Parliament passed in 1911 and 1949 ruled that all legislation excluding “money bills”, which includes the state budget, which passes through the House of Lords, may be detained for a period not exceeding 12 months, but it can not be rejected. In political science, such powers are called suspense veto, the veto deterrent. In addition, the legislative projects cannot make any corrections. The reform of 1999, House of Lords Act, abolished the right to inherit a place in the House of Lords. A small number of peers remain in place, that means the fact that they held high positions of the Great Officers of State, and an additional 92 are elected as representative peers. Additional reforms are included in the plans of the Labour government, but they are not currently unenforceable.
The House of Lords has both legislative and judicial power. Under the judiciary refers to the highest Court of Appeal, which deals with most of the cases of all the United Kingdom. However, the judicial functions belong not to all members of the House of Lords, but only a limited number, have the necessary legal experience, which is called the Lord legalists. Constitutional Reform Act, passed in 2005, would give judicial functions Lords lawyers to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, when the latter will begin its work.
The formal name of the House of Lords is as follows: Honorable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in a joint parliament. And the upper and lower houses hold their meetings in the halls of the Palace of Westminster.
Previously, the Chamber was aristocratic, where the rights of the meeting handed down. At the same time it is a collection of a number of hereditary members of the Lords Spiritual and Lords appointed, which is given a peerage for life, but which, however, is not inherited.
The British Parliament
The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Commons (House of Commons) and the House of Lords (House of Lords).
The House of Commons is elected for five years by universal, equal suffrage by secret ballot on the basis of a relative majority of the majority system.
The order of formation and composition.
Elections to the House of Commons can be shared. Passing at the same time throughout the country. Further it is carried out in some constituencies due to the vacancy of the deputy mandate.
The campaign begins with the delivery of the order on elections, “officials for the elections”, which functions in cities operate mayors and counties – sheriffs. The order is given to the Lord Chancellor and contains an order to the election time. “Officials at Elections” issued a notice in which the citizens residing in their territory, are informed of the place and time of the election.
Passive electoral right enjoyed by citizens who have reached 21 years and entitled to vote. The exceptions are the priests of the Anglican Church, persons in the public service, and bankrupt.
A person who wishes to stand for election to the House of Commons, should provide “an official for the elections,” a document on the nomination and • make an election deposit. Typically, these tools provide political parties nominating candidates for the constituencies. Independent candidates are making bail yourself. If a candidate gains at least the statutory percentage of votes (5%), the deposit is not returned. On average, no returns of about 20% of the total amount of election pledges. Upon completion of all the formalities related to registration, the candidate starts election campaign in the district. Usually in the constituency candidate running for 2—3, and the elected is the one who gets more votes than the other candidates.
The number of elected deputies of the House of Commons is the number of electoral districts (in 1997 – 659). The composition of the deputies of the House of Commons, there should be two main factors:
a) the party affiliation of deputies; b) regional office.
As a result of the general election in 1997, political parties received the following representation in the House of Commons: Labour Party – 419 seats; The Conservative Party – 165 seats; Liberal Democrats – 46 seats; Regional Party -29 seats. Regional representation follows: England with 539 deputies; Scotland – 61 deputies; Wales – 41 deputies; Northern Ireland – 18 deputies.
Speaker of the House of Commons.
Speaker of the House of Commons is an official elected by the House from among its members. Historically, the Speaker had great authority, and provided a link between the communities and the monarch. In accordance with the tradition of the Speaker’s candidacy must be approved by the monarch, with whom this issue previously discussed.
The Speaker is elected the new members of the House of Commons, and if he remembers the deputy after the new parliamentary elections, the deputies traditionally re-elected Speaker of the new term. Within the framework of its powers Speaker:
– provides interaction between the House of Commons and the monarch, the House of Commons and House of Lords;
– supervises the work of the House of Commons and ensures equal rights to participate in the work of deputies, in particular, constituting a minority of the House. For example, the Speaker may restrict the application of the rules of “cloture” (closure) on the grounds that it violates the rights of the minority or the rules of procedure of the House of Commons;
– It provides advice and clarification on the rules of procedure of the House of Commons;
– It has disciplinary powers against troublemakers in the House;
– It confirms the correctness of the procedure to overcome the veto of the House of Lords;
– certifies the financial nature of the bill, under consideration by the House of Commons.
Speaker of the House of Commons does not participate in the debate. It can not belong to any of the presented to the House of political parties. This is usually the most respected and oldest deputy on a career member of the House of Commons. Its independence is ensured not only non-partisan position in the House, but the fact that the salary and later the pension is paid on the basis of law, not subject to market conditions.
In the
