The History of Antiquity, Vol. 5 (of 6). Duncker Max

49

Burnouf, "Jour. Asiat." 1845, pp. 287, 288. It seems to me doubtful whether we should look for Airyana Vaeja on the sources of the Oxus. The statement in the Bundehesh that Airyana Vaeja was situated beside Atropatene is, however, of very little weight against the fact that the Arians of East Iran are nearest to the Arians of India. I shall return to this point below. The remark in Stephanus, "Ἀριανία, a nation among the Cadusians," would be of some importance if it were taken from Apollodorus of Artemita, and not from the grammarian of that name. The district of Arran on the Kur may possibly be meant.

50

"Vendid." 1, 14-18.

51

"Vendid." 1, 30, 42.

52

"Vendid." 1, 60.

53

"Yaçna," 9, 4.

54

"Vendid." 2, 1-21, after Karl Geldner's translation. [Cf. Darmesteter's translation in M. Müller's 'Sacred Books of the East,' Vol. IV.]

55

"Vendid." 2, 21-43.

56

"Aban Yasht," 9; "Farvardin Yasht," 131; "Bahram Yasht," 40; "Ram Yasht," 23.

57

"Farvardin Yasht," 131 ff.

58

"Yaçna," 9, 30; "Vendid." 20, 11 ff.

59

"Vendid." 20; "Yaçna," 9, 32, 39; "Ram Yasht," 7, 28; "Farvardin Yasht," 136; "Zamyad Yasht," 41 ff. According to the "Mainyo-i-Khard," Kereçaçpa, besides slaying the serpent Çruvar, slew the wolf Kapod, the water demon Gandarsi, the bird Kamak, and kept back much oppression from the world. West, "Mainyo-i-Khard," c. 27.

60

Justi, "Handbuch," s. voc.

61

"Farvardin Yasht," 131.

62

"Farvardin Yasht," 132; "Zamyad Yasht," 71.

63

"Gosh Yasht," 18; "Ashi Yasht," 38.

64

"Aban Yasht," 49; "Gosh Yasht," 18; "Ashi Yasht," 38; "Afrin Zartusht," 7; "Zamyad Yasht," 77; "Ram Yasht," 32.

65

"Aban Yasht," 76, 98; "Ashi Yasht," 46; "Farvardin Yasht," 102; "Ram Yasht," 36.

66

"Aban Yasht," 109, 117; "Farvardin Yasht," 38; "Gosh Yasht," 29, 30; "Ashi Yasht," 50, 81; "Zamyad Yasht," 87.

67

"Aban Yasht," 104-106; "Farvardin Yasht," 142; "Gosh Yasht," 26; "Ram Yasht," 36.

68

"Vendid." 2, 39, 40.

69

Vol. IV. 21 n. Spiegel, "Avesta," 3, Einl. s. 58. The favourite comparison of the enclosure of Yima with the deluge of the Hebrews appears to me anything but apposite. Iran, and still more Bactria, is unsuited to give rise to the legend of a flood. Nor is there any question of the destruction of evil men (if there had been, Yima would have been the most guilty and the least deserving of pardon), but of the end of the golden age, as is shown in the Vendidad, the Yaçna, and the Yashts: the earth becomes more thickly peopled, men and animals do not grow old or die. If we must bring together things which have really no relation to each other, it would be more apposite to compare the paradise of the Hebrews. The reason for the end of the golden age is the guilt of Yima. [Cf. Kuenen, "Religion of Israel," 3, c. 9, E. T.]

70

"Zamyad Yasht," 46.

71

"Rigveda," 1, 158; 10, 8, 5.

72

Westergaard in Weber's "Ind. Studien," 3, 413 ff., 426 ff. Kuhn combines Trita with Triton and Tritogeneia; Hofer's "Zeitschrift," 1, 276, 289.

73

Haug, "Essays," pp. 235, 236.

74

Kuhn, "Beiträge," 4, 44; Haug, "Essays," pp. 235, 236.

75

Strabo, p. 517. [Τοριούαν is a v. l. for Ταπυρίαν.]

76

[Cf. Darmesteter, "Zend-Avesta," Introduction, c. iii.]

77

Haug, "The Book of Arda Viraf," p. 142 ff.

78

Herbedh is the old Bactrian athrapaiti.

79

Haug, "Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary," p. 144, 146.

80

It is found in the so-called "Great Rivayat."

81

Vullers, "Fragmente über die Religion Zoroasters," s. 15-42; Haug, "Essays," p. 125.

82

Quatremère, "Journ. des Savants," 1840, p. 413.

83

Clemens Alex. "Strom." p. 598.

84

Diogen. Laert. prooem. The corrupt passage in Athenæus (p. 478) is not a sufficient reason for refusing to accept Hermippus of Smyrna as the author of the treatise on the Magians. Pliny could not quote the Berytian Hermippus.

85

Plin. "H. N." 30, 2.

86

"H. N." 37, 49, 55, 58; 26, 9; 27, 35; 28, 19, 27; 29, 38; 21, 36.

87

Philon. Bybl. fragm. 9, ed. Müller.

88

Dio Chrysost, ed. Dind. 2, 60.

89

Pausan. 5, 27, 3.

90

"Anab." 7, 11, 8.

91

E. g. the bas-relief on Mount Behistun in the winged victory, which refers to the battle between Vardanes and Gotarzes, between 40 and 50 A.D. [Cf. Rawlinson, "Sixth Monarchy," p. 389, where a sketch of the relief is given.]

92

Poseidonius in Strabo, p. 515; Justin, 42,1.

93

Herodian, 4, 30.

94

Plut. "Crassus," c. 29; "Anton." c. 47; Joseph. "Antiq." 18, 9, 3; Justin (12, 3), and Horace ("Ep." 1,2, 112), are of another opinion in regard to the latter point.

95

Above, p. 26. Arrian, "Parth." 2, ed. Müller; Eunap. p. 222.

96

Al Biruni in Droyson, "Hellenismus," 32, 372.

97

Vologeses I. reigned 50-80 A.D.; Vologeses II. 130-149 A.D.; Vologeses III. and IV. 149-208 A.D.; the son of the fourth, also Vologeses, reigned beside Artabanus IV.

98

Joseph. "Ant." 18, 9, 1; "Bell. Jud." Prooem. 1, 2; Ammian. Marcell. 23, 6.

99

Ammian. Marcell. 17, 5.

100

Nöldeke, "Tabari." s. 437.

101

De Sacy, "Memoires de l'institut Cl. Hist." 2, 162-242. [Rawlinson, "Seventh Monarchy," p. 70, 606.]

102

Rawlinson, loc. cit. p. 602, 607, 92 ff.

103

Agathias, 2, 26.

104

Sozomen, "H. Eccl." 2, 10, 12.

105

Menandri Protect. fragm. 11, ed. Müller.

106

[Cf. Rawlinson, "Seventh Monarchy," p. 96 ff.]

107

Spiegel, Avesta, 3, 214, 218, 219, 227.

108

Above, p. 17. On the date of these translations, Haug, "Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary," p. 147.

109

Quatreinère, "Journal des Savants," 1840, p. 412.

110

Haug, "Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary," p. 120 ff.; 128 ff. West, "Pahlavi Texts," part 1. Introd. § 2.

111

Lepsius, "Zendalphabet, Abh. B. Akad." 1862, s. 338; Lenormant, "Sur l'alphabet Pehlevi Journ. Asiat. 1er." 6, 6, 180 ff.; Levy, "Beiträge Z. D. M. G.", 21, 459 ff. From Ardeshir down to Narses, i. e. from 226 to 302 A.D., the writing on the coins agrees with the West Pehlevi of the monuments

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