the opinion “that it was the true policy of the United States to build up a navy establishment as the cheapest, the safest, and the best protection to their seacoast and to their commerce, and that such an establishment was inseparably connected with the future prosperity, safety, and glory of the country.”
The bill which was introduced and drafted by the committee recommended that the force to be created should consist of frigates and sloops of war to be built at once, and that those already in commission be overhauled and refitted. To quote from the first bill for the increase of the navy, communicated to the House of Representatives September 17th, 1811 (which antedated the final act of March 13th, 1812), Mr. Cheves says for the committee: “We beg leave to recommend that all the vessels of war of the United States not now in service, which are worthy of repair, be immediately repaired, fitted out, and put into actual service; that ten additional frigates, averaging 38 guns, be built; that a competent sum of money be appropriated for the purchase of a stock of timber, and that a dock for repairing the vessels of war of the United States be established in some central and convenient place.” There was no dock in the country at this date, and vessels had to be “hove down” to repair their hulls — an expensive and lengthy process.
A large number of experiments had also been made during this year in reference to the practical use of the torpedo. They were conducted in the city and harbor of New York, under the supervision of Oliver Walcott, John Kent, Cadwallader B. Colden, John Garnet, and Jonathan Williams. Suggestions were also made for the defence of vessels threatened by torpedo attack in much the same method that is employed to this date — by nets and booms. Mr. Colden says in a letter addressed to Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy, in reference to the experiments with Mr. Fulton’s torpedoes, “I cannot but think that if the dread of torpedoes were to produce no other effect than to induce every hostile vessel of war which enters our ports to protect herself in a way in which the Argus (the vessel experimented with) was protected, torpedoes will be no inconsiderable auxiliaries in the defence of our harbors.” Strange to say, a boom torpedo rigged to the end of a boom attached to the prow of a cutter propelled by oars was tried, and is to this day adopted in our service, in connection with fast steam-launches. All this tends to show the advancing interest in naval warfare. Paul Hamilton suggested, in a letter dated December 3d, 1811, that “a naval force of twelve sails of the line (74’s) and twenty well-constructed frigates, including those already in commission, would be ample to protect the coasting trade”; but there was no provision in the bill as finally accepted, and no authority given for the construction of any line of battle ships, although Mr. Cheves referred in his speech to the letter from Secretary Hamilton. Plans were also made this year to form a naval hospital, a much-needed institution.
When war was declared by Congress against Great Britain, on June 18th, 1812, and proclaimed by the President of the United States the following day, the number of vessels, exclusive of those projected and building, was as follows:
| FRIGATES | |||
| Rated | Mounting | Commanders | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Constitution | 44 | 56 | Capt. Hull |
| United States | 44 | 56 | Capt. Decatur |
| President | 44 | 56 | Com. Rodgers |
| Chesapeake | 36 | 44 | Capt. Evans |
| New York | 36 | 44 | |
| Constellation | 36 | 44 | Capt. Stewart |
| Congress | 36 | 44 | Capt. Smith |
| Boston | 32 | ||
| Essex | 32 | Capt. Porter | |
| Adams | 32 | ||
| CORVETTES | |||
| John Adams | 26 | Capt. Ludlow | |
| SLOOPS OF WAR | |||
| Wasp | 18 | 18 | Capt. Jones |
| Hornet | 18 | 18 | Capt. Lawrence |
| BRIGS | |||
| Siren | 16 | Capt. Carroll | |
| Argus | 16 | Capt. Crane | |
| Oneida | 16 | Capt. Woolsey | |
| SCHOONERS | |||
| Vixen | 14 | Lieut. Gadsden | |
| Nautilus | 14 | Lieut. Sinclair | |
| Enterprise | 14 | Capt. Blakely | |
| Viper | 10 | Capt. Bainbridge | |
| BOMB-KETCHES | |||
| Vengeance | Ætna | ||
| Spitfire | Vesuvius | ||
As we have stated before, the Boston, that was burned afterwards at Washington, never put to sea, and the New York was a worthless hulk.
The Constitution, the United States, and the Constellation were built in the year 1797, the Constitution at Boston, the United States at Philadelphia, and the Constellation at Baltimore. They had been built in the most complete manner, and it might be of interest to give some figures in connection with the construction of these vessels, thus forming an idea of how they compare with the tremendous and expensive fighting-machines of today. The first cost of the Constitution was $302,718. Her annual expenses when in commission were $100,000. Her pay-roll per month was in the neighborhood of $5000. There had been spent in repairs upon the Constitution from October 1st, 1802, to October 1st, 1811, the sum of $302,582 — almost as much as her original cost, it is thus seen; but upon the outbreak of the war only $5658 had to be spent upon her to fit her for sea. The first cost of a small vessel like the Wasp, carrying 18 guns, was $60,000; the annual expense in commission, $38,000.
Although the Constitution was in such good shape, the Chesapeake and the Constellation were not seaworthy, and required $120,000 apiece to be
