and warns against them. The mention of adultery refers to all types of unlawful desires, while theft refers to wealth and taking things unlawfully. Drinking refers to all that turns people away from God and makes them neglectful of their duties towards Him. Robbing refers to treating people badly, disrespecting them and being unashamed of doing wrong, in addition to enriching oneself unlawfully, but God knows best.’
Transmissioni
This hadith raises a question of transmission as one version of it adds that Abu Hurayrah used to add to these: ‘A person is not a believer when he robs something of value, which people normally appreciate’. Reported in this way, it appears that the addition was Abu Hurayrah’s words. However, another version makes it clear that this was also the Prophet’s own wording. Shaykh Abu [Amr ibn al-Salah wrote something fine on this point. He said:
In his al-Musnad al-Mustakhraj [ala Sahih Muslim, Abu Nu[aym al-Asbahani relates this hadith as narrated by Hammam ibn Munabbih. This version includes: ‘By Him who holds my soul in His hand, none of you robs …’. This is clear in attributing this part of the hadith to the Prophet himself. Abu Nu[aym entered this hadith although he would not have needed it because al-Bukhari relates it as narrated by al-Layth with the same chain of transmission given by Muslim, stating the hadith in full including the robbing, but without describing what is robbed as being ‘something of value’. Abu Nu[aym did not feel this as sufficient proof that the reference to robbing was the Prophet’s own words. It might have been suggested that it was simply added by some transmitter, by way of explanation. Such a suggestion could be made on the basis of the fact that in some versions, the first statement is followed by the words: ‘Abu Hurayrah used to add to these’ before mentioning the case of robbing. What Abu Nu[aym relates leaves no room for making such a suggestion. This means that when Abu Bakr ibn [Abd al-Rahman said: ‘Abu Hurayrah used to add to these’, he meant that Abu Hurayrah’s addition was quoting the Prophet, not his own addition. It appears that Abu Bakr specified this because he learnt that some other reporters did not include it. This is evidenced by Muslim relating the hadith as narrated by Yunus and [Uqayl from Ibn Shihab, from Abu Salamah and Ibn al-Musayyib, from Abu Hurayrah without mentioning the robbing. Then [Uqayl’s report makes clear that Ibn Shihab reports the mention of the robbing as reported by Abu Bakr ibn [Abd al-Rahman himself, and by Yunus’s report from [Abd al-Malik ibn Abu Bakr from his father. This suggests that he heard the hadith from Abu Bakr’s son reporting from his father and he later heard the same from Abu Bakr himself.
i.Abu Salamah’s and Sa[id ibn al-Musayyib’s version is related by al-Bukhari, 5578, while Abu Bakr’s version is related by al-Bukhari, 2475 and 2776; Ibn Majah, 3936.
i.Related by al-Bukhari, 6425; al-Nasa’i, 4886.
i.The subsequent discussion occurs in the original in the middle of the explanation of the hadith, as it deals with a portion of the text. It has been delayed so as to give all that al-Nawawi says of the explanation of the text and to allow this portion to stand alone, as it highlights a very interesting point of transmission.
CHAPTER 26
A HYPOCRITE’S CHARACTERISTICS
[109–106]. (Dar al-Salam 0111) Abu Bakr ibn Abi Shaybah narrated:i [Abdullah ibn Numayr narrated [H]. Ibn Numayr narrated: my father narrated; al-A[mash narrated [H]. Also Zuhayr ibn Harb narrated to me: Waki[ narrated; Sufyan narrated; from al-A[mash; from [Abdullah ibn Murrah; from Masruq; from [Abdullah ibn [Amr: ‘God’s Messenger (peace be upon him) said: “Four qualities: whoever combines them is a total hypocrite, and whoever has one of them has a quality of hypocrisy unless he abandons it: when he speaks, he lies; when he gives a pledge, he is treacherous; when he promises, he reneges, and when he quarrels, he resorts to falsehood”.’ However, in Sufyan’s report: ‘Whoever has one of them has a characteristic of hypocrisy’.
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللهِ بْنُ نُمَيْرٍ، ح. وَحَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ نُمَيْرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبِي، حَدَّثَنَا الأَعْمَشُ، ح. وَحَدَّثَنِي زُهَيْرُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، حَدَّثَنَا وَكِيعٌ، حَدَّثَنَا سُفْيَانُ، عَنِ الأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ مُرَّةَ، عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: «أَرْبَعٌ مَنْ كُنَّ فِيهِ كَانَ مُنَافِقًا خَالِصًا، وَمَنْ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَلَّةٌ مِنْهُنَّ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَلَّةٌ مِنْ نِفَاقٍ حَتَّى يَدَعَهَا: إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا عَاهَدَ غَدَرَ، وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ، وَإِذَا خَاصَمَ فَجَرَ». غَيْرَ أَنَّ فِي حَدِيثِ سُفْيَانَ: «وَإِنْ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَصْلَةٌ مِنْهُنَّ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَصْلَةٌ مِنَ النِّفَاقِ».
[110–107]. (Dar al-Salam 0112) Yahya ibn Ayyub and Qutaybah ibn Sa[id narrated,i but the text is Yahya’s, they said: Isma[il ibn Ja[far narrated; Abu Suhayl Nafi[ ibn Malik ibn Abi [Amir; from his father, from Abu Hurayrah: ‘God’s Messenger (peace be upon him) said: “The mark of a hypocrite consists of three characteristics: when he speaks, he lies; when he promises, he reneges; and when he is placed in trust, he betrays”.’
حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ أَيُّوبَ، وَقُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، - وَاللَّفْظُ لِيَحْيَى – قَالاَ: حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، قَالَ أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو سُهَيْلٍ، نَافِعُ بْنُ مَالِكِ بْنِ أَبِي عَامِرٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: «آيَةُ الْـمُنَافِقِ ثَلاَثٌ إِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا وَعَدَ أَخْلَفَ، وَإِذَا ائْتُمِنَ خَانَ».
[111–108]. (Dar al-Salam 0113) Abu Bakr ibn Ishaq narrated; Ibn Abi Maryam reported; Muhammad ibn Ja[far reported; al-[Ala’ ibn [Abd al-Rahman ibn Ya[qub, al-Huraqah’s mawla, reported to me; from his father; from Abu Hurayrah: ‘God’s Messenger said: “Among the marks of a hypocrite are three [characteristics]: when he speaks, he lies; when he promises, he reneges; and when he is placed in a position of trust, he betrays”.’
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، أَخْبَرَنَا ابْنُ أَبِي مَرْيَمَ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، قَالَ أَخْبَرَنِي الْعَلاَءُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ، مَوْلَى الْحُرَقَةِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ: قَالَ
