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English sounds. Within a word when it sounds like the l in fill we write it l; when it sounds like the r in British berry (or the t in English Betty; or the Japanese r, or the single Spanish r) we write it r. Be careful to pronounce the Korean mm, nn, and ll as DOUBLE sounds: like English gem-maker, pen-knife, well-liked.
Here are some common words to practice the consonants.
| pi | rain | ppiru | beer |
| p’i | blood | pyǒ | rice plant |
| p’yo | ticket | yukpun | six minutes |
| ppyǒ | bone | ch’imdae | berth, bunk |
| tal | moon | pando | peninsula |
| t’al | mask | talda | is sweet |
| ttal | daughter | ch’upta | is cold |
| to | province | chǒkta | is small |
| t’op | a saw | Yǒngguk | England |
| tto | again, yet | silgwa | fruit |
| ki | spirit, disposition | sip-kǔ | nineteen |
| k’i | height, size | namja | man, male |
| kki | a meal | hwanja | patient |
| kae | dog | maekchu | beer |
| k’al | knife | chong-i | paper |
| kkae | sesame | tong-an | interval |
| cho | millet | iri | this way |
| ch’o | candle | kǔrǒk’e | in that way, so |
| tchok | side, direction | resǔt’orang | restaurant |
| sal | flesh | radio | radio |
| ssal | uncooked rice | p’iryo | necessity |
| sǔnta | stands up | p’arwǒl | August |
| ssǔnta | writes | il | work, job |
| tambae | cigarettes | mul | water |
| kongbu | study | mullon | of course |
| Ilbon | Japan | ppalli | fast |
Lesson 3
SOUND CHANGES
When you link words together without pausing between, certain sound changes take place. If the first word ends in a consonant and the second begins with a vowel the final consonant of the first word is pronounced as the initial consonant of the second word:
| sǒm‿i | island (as subject) | =sǒ-mi |
| sǒm‿e | to the island | =sǒ-me |
| If the final consonant is p, t, ch, or k it changes in sound to b, d, j, or g: | ||
| ch’aek‿i | book (as subject) | ch’ae-gi |
| Han-guk‿e | to Korea | Han-gu-ge |
| pap‿i | cooked rice (as subject) | pa-bi |
| nach‿e | in the daytime | na-je |
| If the final consonant is l, it changes in sound to r: | ||
| il‿i | work (as subject) | =i-ri |
| mul‿ǔl | water (as object) | =mu-rǔl |
| Now if the first word ends in a voiced sound (a vowel or m, n, ng, or l) and the second word begins with p, t, ch, or k this changes to b, d, j, or g: | ||
| Ilbon‿to | Japan too | Il-bon-do |
| ch’aek‿ie‿yo | it’s a book | A’ae-gi-e-yo |
| i‿kǒ‿pose‿yo | just look at this | i-gǒ-bo-se-yo |
| kǔ‿taǔm | next to that | kǔ-da-ǔm |
| kǔ‿chǒn‿e | before that | kǔ-jǒ-ne |
| If the second word begins with m or n and the first word ends in p, t, or k these change to m, n, and ng respectively: | ||
| chip‿mada | every house | chim-ma-da |
| mot‿mǒgǒ | can’t eat | mon-mo-go |
| ch’aek‿mada | every book | ch’aeng-ma-da |
| The combinations tp, ts, and tk usually sound like pp, ss, and kk: | ||
| mot‿pwa‿yo | can’t see |
mo-ssa-yo
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