At the end of a word before a pause or another consonant, the only consonants which occur are p, t, k, m, n, ng, and l. But there are a few words which have basic forms (the forms you hear when linked with a following word beginning with a vowel) in other consonant combinations. These are changed as follows (see also Lesson 17):
| BEFORE VOWEL | BEFORE PAUSE OR CONSONANT |
| P’ | P |
| ap’‿e in front | ap front; ap‿to front too |
| PS | F |
| kaps‿i price (subj.) | kap price; kap‿to price too |
| S | T |
| os‿ǔl clothes (object) | ot clothes; ot‿to clothes too |
| T’ | T |
| pat’‿ǔn garden (topic) | pat garden; pat‿to garden too |
| CH’ | T |
| kkoch’ ‿ǔn flower (topic) | kkot flower; kkot‿to flower too |
| CH | T |
| nach‿e in the daytime | nat daytime; nat‿to daytime too |
| KK | K |
| pakk‿e outside | pak outside; pak‿to outside too |
| LK | K |
| talk‿i chicken (subj.) | tak chicken; tak‿to chicken too |
There are certain other sound changes which are less regular. You may also notice sound variants. Sometimes the same thing will be pronounced in two different ways even by the same speaker. The most common of these is the dropping of h between voiced sounds:
| man(h)i | lots | annyong(h)i | peacefully |
| pang(h)ak | school vacation | ǔn(h)aeng | bank |
| a(h)op | nine | ||
| You may also notice that w sometimes drops, especially after p, p’, pp, m, u, o: | |||
| chǒm(w)ǒn | clerk | sam(w)ǒl | March |
| kǔ(w)ǒl | September | o(w)ǒl | May |
| One irregular sound change which is quite common is the replacement of an initial p, t, ch, s, or k by their tense counterparts pp, tt, tch, ss, or kk. In this book, the “reinforcement” of the initial sound is sometimes shown with parentheses: (p)p, (t)t, (t)ch, (s)s, or (k)k. For example: | |||
| oje(p)pam | last night | yǒl-(t)tǔl | twelve |
NOTE 1: It is important to remember that b, d, j, g, and r are just positional variants of p, t, ch, k, and l respectively. B and p function as one sound unit in the structure of Korean and the native script (Han-gǔl) writes both with the same symbol. This is true also for d and t, j, and ch, g and k, r and l respectively. So when we speak of an ending beginning with t, it goes without saying we mean to add “(and this changes to d automatically between voiced sounds).”
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