Human Rights as War by Other Means
PENNSYLVANIA STUDIES IN HUMAN RIGHTS
Bert B. Lockwood, Jr., Series Editor
A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher.
HUMAN RIGHTS AS WAR BY OTHER MEANS
Peace Politics in Northern Ireland
Jennifer Curtis
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS
PHILADELPHIA
Copyright © 2014 University of Pennsylvania Press
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.
Published by
University of Pennsylvania Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Curtis, Jennifer (Jennifer Gail)
Human Rights as War by Other Means: Peace Politics in Northern Ireland / Jennifer Curtis. — 1st ed.
p. cm. — (Pennsylvania studies in human rights)
ISBN 978-0-8122-4619-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Human rights—Political aspects—Northern Ireland. 2. Political violence—Northern Ireland. 3. Social conflict—Northern Ireland. 4. Peace-building—Northern Ireland. 5. Northern Ireland—Ethnic relations—Political aspects. 6. Northern Ireland—Politics and government—1994– I. Title. II. Series: Pennsylvania studies in human rights.
JC599.G7C87 2014
| 941.6083—dc23 | 2013046740 |
For Nathaniel
CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Whose Rights and Whose Peace?
Chapter 3. Peace Sells—Who’s Buying?
Chapter 4. The Politics We Deserve
Chapter 5. No Justice, No Peace
Chapter 6. “Love Is a Human Right”
Chapter 7. Ethnopolitics and Human Rights
CHRONOLOGY
| 1916 | Easter Rising. Irish republicans seeking independence from Britain staged a rebellion, primarily in Dublin. British forces suppressed the insurrection, then court-martialed and executed the rebellion’s leaders. |
| 1919–1921 | Irish War of Independence. The IRA fought British forces for Irish independence. |
| 1920 | Partition was enacted by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, establishing two territories on the island of Ireland. Partition was reinforced by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922. |
| 1922–1923 | Irish Civil War. Republicans who favored the treaty with Britain and the partition of Northern Ireland from the new state battled republicans who opposed both the treaty and partition. |
| 1964 | Campaign for Social Justice (CSJ) formed, a civil rights group that campaigned against anti-Catholic discrimination in Northern Ireland. |
| 1966 | Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) formed. |
| 1968 | October: Rioting at a civil rights march in Derry inspired formation of People’s Democracy (PD), a radical student civil rights group. |
| 1969 | January: PD attempted the “Long March” from Belfast to Derry and was attacked by loyalists and police. In subsequent months, civil unrest spread across the region. |
| 1969 | August: Massive intercommunal rioting caused civilian deaths and displacement of thousands of families, especially in west Belfast. December: Members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) split from the organization, forming the Provisional IRA (PIRA) to take a more aggressive approach to the conflict. The remaining organization was called the Official IRA. |
| 1970 |
July 3–5: Falls Road curfew. A curfew was instituted in the lower Falls Road area after a
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