or the “b” side of a folioAbbreviations of Sefer Hasidim Manuscripts
The alphanumeric codes that appear in parentheses after each abbreviation refer to a section of the catalog that follows Chapter 4.
Cambridge Add. 379 (E 1)
Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, Add. 379, f. 1v–74r [IMHM F 16298]
Former JTS Boesky 45 (F 2)
former Jewish Theological Seminary Boesky 45 [IMHM F 75736]
Privately held manuscript formerly owned by Mrs. Seema Boesky on temporary loan to the JTS Library for several years until sold to another private collector, December 21, 2015
Frankfurt or Frankfurt Oct. 94 (A 4)
Frankfurt am Main, Goethe Universität, Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senkenberg (formerly Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek) Oct. 94, f. 270r–272r (formerly: Merzbacher 56) [IMHM F 25916]
Freiburg or Freiburg 483 (B 1)
Freiburg, Universitätsbibliothek, Heb. MS 483/29, f. 4r–5v [IMHM F 11392]
Hamburg 303 (G 1)
Hamburg Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Cod. Heb. 303, f. 24r–25v [IMHM F 26368; Fiche 221]
JTS 2499 (A 2)
New York, Jewish Theological Seminary Library, Microfilm 2499, f. 1r–29r [IMHM F 28752]
Milan, Ambrosiana X.111 sup. (C 2)
Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, X.111 sup., f. 166v–201v Cat. Bernheimer 119 [IMHM F 12336]
Moscow 103 (C 3)
Moscow, Russian State Library, Günzburg 103/4, f. 100r–124v [IMHM F 6783]
Nîmes 26 (D 1)
Nîmes, Bibliothèque municipale, 26, f. 154v–174r [IMHM F 4424]
Oxford, Mich. 155 (D 2)
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mich. 155 Neubauer 1984k, f. 279r–283v [IMHM F 19146]
Oxford Mich. 569 (B 3)
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mich. 569, Neubauer 1098, f. 104v [IMHM F 17293]
Oxford, Opp. Add. Fol. 39 (A 8)
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Opp. Add. Fol. 39, Neubauer 865, f. 1r–3r, in margins. [IMHM F 21626]
Oxford, Opp. 614 (A 6)
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Opp. 614, Neubauer 2275/3 f. 30r–31va [IMHM F 20967]
Oxford, Or. 146 (A 7)
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Or. 146, Neubauer 782 f. 69av–70r [IMHM F 20319]
Oxford, Opp. 340 (C 1)
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Opp. 340, Neubauer 875, 3, f. 131r–151r [IMHM F 21834]
Oxford, Add. Fol. 34 (E 2)
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Opp. Add. Fol. 34, Neubauer 641, f. 43v–57r [IMHM F 20557]
Parma (F 1)
Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, H 3280, De Rossi 113 [IMHM F 13957]
Parma H 2486 (A 9)
Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, H 2486, De Rossi 1420/5, f. [45r] [F 13489]
Parma H 3266 (A 10)
Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, H 3266, De Rossi 1131, f. 52r [IMHM F 34168]
Vatican 285 (A 1)
Vatican, Vatican Library, ebr. 285/26, f. 108v–127v [IMHM F 8632] published by Moshe Hershler in Genuzot 1
Vatican 285A (A 3)
Vatican, Vatican Library, ebr. 285, f. 150r–152r [IMHM F 8632] [not in Hershler, Genuzot 1]
Zurich 51 (A 5)
Zurich, Zentralbibliothek, Heidenheim 51/4, f. 9r–10v (middle) [IMHM F 2613]
Zurich Fragment (B 2)
Zurich, Zentralbibliothek, no shelf number. [IMHM PH 5330] (bottom line/s not included in photograph)
Introduction
My purpose is always to write history.
—Erich Auerbach
For some time, scholars have been studying the history of the book as a way to understand a culture.1 This book is a reassessment of the classical Hebrew text known since the thirteenth century as Sefer Hasidim (The Book of the Pietists), written anonymously but attributed to Rabbi Judah b. Samuel he-hasid (the pietist) of Regensburg (d. 1217).2 It presents a case study of the history of the Ashkenazic Hebrew book that offers a new approach to the medieval Jewish subculture in Germany, northern France, and England, known as Ashkenaz.3 In exploring Sefer Hasidim, unexpected areas of research have emerged about the library of Hebrew books Jews produced in medieval Christian Europe. In comparison with other post-classical Jewish books, the form of Hebrew books from medieval Ashkenaz demonstrates the limits of Jewish acculturation.
In some respects, Sefer Hasidim is unusual compared to other books Jews wrote in medieval Ashkenaz. This book has been called a “strange work”4 and “a book that is different from any other in our literature.”5 It is “strange” but rather than being “different,” Sefer Hasidim turns out to be similar to other Ashkenazic Hebrew books. In turn, many of the other Hebrew books written in Ashkenaz resemble Sefer Hasidim more than has been realized.
Although Moritz Güdemann remarked in 1880 that Sefer Hasidim is a book that was little studied, it was widely read.6 Two dozen manuscripts contain versions of it, and almost sixty printed editions appeared, most of them in the nineteenth century in Eastern Europe.7 After a long period of scholarly neglect, Sefer Hasidim has recently become an important subject of research. In the last thirty-five years alone a flurry of studies have made use of this strange Hebrew book from medieval Germany. In Piety and Society (1981), I included a bibliographical essay on works about Sefer Hasidim from the eighteenth century down to the late 1970s that discussed some thirty of almost sixty publications on this book listed in the bibliography, nearly all of them written in Hebrew. Since then, over a hundred and fifty more articles and a few books have been published, more than half of them written in languages other
