THE
KNOWLEDGE-
CREATING
COMPANY
Harvard Business Review
CLASSICS
THE
KNOWLEDGE-
CREATING
COMPANY
Ikujiro Nonaka
Harvard Business Press
Boston, Massachusetts
Copyright 2008 Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation Published in Harvard Business Review in 1991 and 2007 Reprint #R0707n All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America
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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of the publisher. Requests for permission should be directed to [email protected], or mailed to Permissions, Harvard Business School Publishing, 60 Harvard Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02163.
ISBN 978-1-4221-7974-1
Library-of-Congress cataloging information forthcoming
The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives Z39.48-1992.
THE HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW CLASSICS SERIES
Since 1922, Harvard Business Review has been a leading source of breakthrough ideas in management practice—many of which still speak to and influence us today. The HBR Classics series now offers you the opportunity to make these seminal pieces a part of your permanent management library. Each volume contains a groundbreaking idea that has shaped best practices and inspired countless managers around the world—and will change how you think about the business world today.
THE
KNOWLEDGE-
CREATING
COMPANY
Editor’s Note:
This 1991 article helped popularize the notion of “tacit” knowledge—the valuable and highly subjective insights and intuitions that are difficult to capture and share because people carry them in their heads. Years later, the piece can still startle a reader with its views of organizations and of the types of knowledge that inform them.
For example, the advice on how to distill objective and transferable, or “explicit,” knowledge from tacit knowledge—with a vivid illustration of Matsushita Electric’s efforts to build a better bread-making machine—is both arresting and actionable. The next step: ensuring that explicit knowledge is translated back into tacit knowledge that will then go on to yield yet another innovative solution.
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