The Expeditions. Maʿmar ibn Rāshid

Скачать книгу

of the second caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb 656, June Assassination of the third caliph ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān 656–61 The Great Civil War (al-fitnah al-kubrā) 656, Nov.–Dec. The Battle of the Camel between ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and ʿĀʾishah bint Abī Bakr, al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām, and Ṭalḥah ibn ʿUbayd Allāh 657, July The Battle of Ṣiffīn between ʿAlī and Muʿāwiyah ibn Abī Sufyān 661, Jan. Assassination of ʿAlī 661–750 The Umayyad Caliphate 680–92 Second Civil War—the Marwānid Umayyads emerge victorious over their Zubyarid rivals 685–705 Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān 723–43 Caliphate of Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik 742 Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī dies 744–50 Third Civil War ensues after the assassination of al-Walīd II, leading to the rise of Abbasid dynasty of caliphs 754–75 Caliphate of Abū Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr 768 Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq dies 770 Maʿmar ibn Rāshid dies 827 ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī dies

      * Dates and events for the life of Muḥammad are fraught with difficulties; therefore, dates are here given according to al-Zuhrī’s calculations.

      Notes to the Frontmatter

      Foreword

1	Muḥammad Ibn-Isḥāq, ʻAbd-al-Malik Ibn-Hishām, and Alfred Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of [Ibn] Ishāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh (London: Oxford University Press, 1955).
2	Ḥājjī Khalīfah. Kashf al-ẓunūn ʿan asāmī al-kutub wal-funūn, vol. 2. (Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm, 1994), 604.
3	On ʿUrwah ibn al-Zubayr, see Andreas Görke and Gregor Schoeler, Die altesten Berichte über das Leben Muḥammads (Princeton: Darwin Press, 2008).‎‎

      Acknowledgements

4	Muhammad, 91.

      Introduction

5	The precise title of Ibn Isḥāq’s work is not certain, though the most likely candidate is Kitāb al-Maghāzī. Ibn Hishām’s redaction is usually referred to as al-Sīrah al-nabawiyyah (Eng. The Prophetic Life-Story), but this title has little to do with Ibn Isḥāq’s original work. See Horovitz, Earliest Biographies, 80 and n. 93 thereto and Schoeler, Biography, 28–29.
6	This is not to say, however, that the earliest testimonies are bereft of historical insight; see Hoyland, “The Earliest Christian Writings on Muḥammad,” and Anthony, “Muḥammad, the Keys to Paradise, and the Doctrina Iacobi.”
7	In the West, scholarship on the historical Muḥammad is inevitably considerably indebted to the tradition of historical Jesus scholarship, a tradition that is now over two centuries old. However, it must be said that historians of early Islam are rarely fluent in the most up-to-date scholarship on the historical Jesus. In the massive literature on the challenges and aims of writing the biography of the historical Jesus, E. P. Sanders’ The Historical Figure of Jesus remains a classic.
8	Hoyland, “Writing the Biography of the Prophet Muhammad.”
9	See Chabbi, “La biographie impossible de Mahomet.” In the most recent decade anglophone scholarship has all but abandoned writing traditional, historical biographies in favor of monographs proposing radical new views of Islamic origins. The two most noteworthy monographs on this score are Shoemaker, The Death of a Prophet, and Powers, Muḥammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men. Germanophone and francophone scholars, on the other hand, have been considerably more active in writing more traditional, historical biographies during the last decade; e.g., see Tilman Nagel’s massive Mohammed: Leben und Legende and Allahs Liebling, and Hichem Djaït’s three-volume history La vie de Muḥammad (originally written in Arabic). Although the full impact of the scholarly reception of Djaït’s work has yet to be seen, a positive evaluation of Djaït’s project can be found in Nicolai Sinai, “Hisham Djait.” By contrast, the response to Nagel’s biography has been rather tepid; e.g., see Hagan, “The Imagined and Historical Muḥammad,” and Schoeler's Biography, 11–13 and “Grundsätzliches zu Tilman Nagels Monographie.”
10	Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins, 35–63; Neuwirth, Der Koran als Text der Spätantike, 235–75; Hamdan, “The Second Maṣāḥif Project”; Comerro, La constitution du muṣḥaf de ʿUthmān; Sadeghi and Goudarzi, “Ṣanʿāʾ 1 and the Origins of the Qurʾān.”
11	An excellent and fluent introduction to hadith as well as the formation of its canon can be found in Brown, Ḥadīth; however, Brown’s treatment of the earliest phases of hadith transmission and collection is a tad tendentious. For an important corrective, see Reinhart, “Juynbolliana,” 436 ff.
12	Cf. Görke, “The Relationship between Maghāzī and Ḥadīth.”
Скачать книгу В начало < 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 > В конец e-mail: [email protected]