He argued against the political participation of the ‘electoral mass’, because the ‘masses’ were only capable of ‘a stampede’ (Schumpeter [1942] 1975: 283).
6 The Italian, French and Spanish Communist Parties were the main parties that made up the Eurocommunist movement.
7 Like the SACP, the CPI(M) has factions vying for power. Since the 1990s the grassroots faction has been able to win enough space to shift the party into radically democratic spaces.
References
Adorno, T. and Horkheimer, M. (1956) 2011. Towards a New Manifesto. London: Verso.
Almond, G. 1954. The Appeals of Communism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Althusser, L. 1970. For Marx. New York: Vintage.
Althusser, L. 1972. Politics and History. London: New Left Books.
Amin, S. (1985) 1990. Delinking: Towards a Polycentric World. London: Zed Books.
Anderson, P. 1976. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: New Left Books.
Arendt, H. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Hartcourt Brace and Company.
Arendt, H. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Arrighi, G. and Saul, J.S. 1973. Essays on the Political Economy of Africa. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Bahro, R. 1978. The Alternative in Eastern Europe. Translated by D. Fernbach. London: Verso.
Baiocchi, G. 2003. ‘Participation, activism, and politics: The Porto Alegre experiment’. In Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, edited by A. Fung and E.O. Wright. London and New York: Verso.
Baiocchi, G. 2005. Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Baiocchi, G., Heller, P. and Silva, M.K. 2011. Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civil Society in Brazil. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Baran, P. 1957. The Political Economy of Growth. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Barber, B. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bobbio, N. 1976. Which Socialism? Marxism, Socialism, and Democracy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bobbio, N. 1987. The Future of Democracy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Boggs, C. and Plotke, D. (eds). 1980. The Politics of Eurocommunism: Socialism in Transition. Boston: South End Press.
Bruce, I. 2004. The Porto Alegre Alternative: Direct Democracy in Action. London: Pluto Press.
Cabral, A. 1973. Return to the Source: Selected Speeches by Amilcar Cabral. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Cabral, A. 1979. Unity and Struggle: Speeches and Writings. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Claudin, Fernando. (1970) 1975. The Communist Movement: From Comintern to Cominform. Vol. 1 translated by B. Pearce and Vol. II translated by F. MacDonagh. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Courtois, S., Werth, N., Panne, J-L., Paczkowski, A., Bartosek, K. and Margolin, J-L. 1999. Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Draper, H. 2004. Socialism from Below. Alameda, CA: Center for Socialist History.
Fanon, F. 1962. The Wretched of the Earth. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Femia, J. 1993. Marxism and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frank, A.G. 1967. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Fukuyama, F. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
Goldfrank, B. 2003. ‘Making participation work in Porto Alegre’. In Radicals in Power: The Workers’ Party (PT) and Experiments in Urban Democracy in Brazil, edited by G. Baiocchi. New York: Zed Books.
Gramsci, A. (1971) 1992. Selections from the Prison Notebooks, edited by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. New York: International Publishers.
Habermas, J. 1996. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hill, C. 1984. The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution. London: Penguin.
Hobsbawm, E. 2011. How to Change the World: Tales in Marx and Marxism. London: Little, Brown and Company.
Ismael, T.Y. and ‘at El-Sa’id, R. 1990. The Communist Movement in Egypt, 1920–1988. New York: Syracuse University Press.
James, C.L.R. 1980. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint l’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. London: Allison and Busby.
Jay, M. 1984. Marxism and Totality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kautsky, K. 1988. The Materialist Conception of History. Translated by R. Meyer and J.H. Kautsky. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lipset, S. 1963. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. New York: Anchor Books.
Lukács, G. 1968. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Marcuse, H. 1958. Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
Marković, M. 1965. ‘Socialism and self-management’, Praxis, 2 (3).
Marković, M. 1974. The Contemporary Marx: Essays on Humanist Communism. Nottingham: Spokesman Books.
Marx, K. 1967. ‘On the Jewish Question’. In Writings of the Young Marx, edited by L.D. Easton and K.H. Guddat. New York: Doubleday.
Miliband, R. (1969) 2009. The State in Capitalist Society. London: Merlin Press.
Mortimer, R. 1974. Indonesian Communism under Sukarno: Ideology and Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Pateman, C. (1970) 1999. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Poulantzas, N. 1973. Political Power and Social Classes. London: New Left Books.
Rabinowitch, A. 1968. Prelude to Revolution: The Petrograd Bolsheviks and the July 1917 Uprising. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Rabinowitch, A. (1978) 2008. The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Renton, D. 2004. Dissident Marxism: Past Voices for Present Times. London and New York: Zed Books.
Ross, G. 1980. ‘The PCF and the end of Bolshevik dream’. In The Politics of Eurocommunism: Socialism in Transition, edited by K. Boggs and D. Plotke. Boston: South End Press.
Russell, B. 1946. What is Democracy? London: Allen and Unwin.
Sartre,
