number.
Ref. 176
The place of his reign is somewhat doubtful; but there was a tyrant in Pontus, and we are acquainted with the seat of all the others. [Hist. Aug. xxiv. 29, 1 is here referred to. See Appendix 4.]
Ref. 177
Tillemont, tom. iii. p. 1163, reckons them somewhat differently.
Ref. 178
See the speech of Marius, in the Augustan History, p. 187 [xxiv. 7]. The accidental identity of names was the only circumstance that could tempt Pollio to imitate Sallust.
Ref. 179
Vos O Pompilius sanguis! is Horace’s address to the Pisos. See Art. Poet. v. 292, with Dacier’s and Sanadon’s notes.
Ref. 180
Tacit. Annal. xv. 48, Hist. i. 15. In the former of these passages we may venture to change paterna into materna. In every generation from Augustus to Alexander Severus, one or more Pisos appear as consuls. A Piso was deemed worthy of the throne by Augustus (Tacit. Annal. i. 13). A second headed a formidable conspiracy against Nero; and a third was adopted, and declared Cæsar by Galba.
Ref. 181
Hist. August. p. 195 [xxiv. 20]. The senate, in a moment of enthusiasm, seems to have presumed on the approbation of Gallienus.
Ref. 182
Hist. August. p. 196 [xxiv. 22].
Ref. 183
The association of the brave Palmyrenian was the most popular act of the whole reign of Gallienus. Hist. August. p. 180 [xxiii. 12, 1. The statement is certainly erroneous. See Appendix 5.]
Ref. 184
Gallienus had given the titles of Cæsar and Augustus to his son Saloninus, slain at Cologne by the usurper Posthumus. A second son of Gallienus succeeded to the name and rank of his elder brother. Valerian, the brother of Gallienus, was also associated to the empire: several other brothers, sisters, nephews, and nieces of the emperor formed a very numerous royal family. See Tillemont, tom. iii. and M. de Brequigny in the Mémoires de l’Académie, tom. xxxii. p. 262.
Ref. 185
Hist. August. p. 188 [xxiv. 8].
Ref. 186
Regillianus had some bands of Roxolani in his service; Posthumus a body of Franks. It was perhaps in the character of auxiliaries that the latter introduced themselves into Spain.
Ref. 187
The Augustan History, p. 177 [xxiii. 4], calls it servile bellum. See Diodor. Sicul. l. xxxiv.
Ref. 188
Plin. Hist. Natur. v. 10.
Ref. 189
Diodor. Sicul. l. xvii. p. 590. Edit. Wesseling .
Ref. 190
[The original text omits, presumably by accident, after again. Ed.]
Ref. 191
See a very curious letter of Hadrian in the Augustan History, p. 245 [xxix. 8. Cp. Student’s Roman Empire, p. 520.]
Ref. 192
Such as the sacrilegious murder of a divine cat. See Diodor. Sicul. l. 1.
Ref. 193
Hist. August. p. 195. This long and terrible sedition was first occasioned by a dispute between a soldier and a townsman about a pair of shoes. [Compare the description of Mommsen, Röm. Gesch. v. 582 sqq.]
Ref. 194
Dionysius apud Euseb. Hist. Eccles. vol. vii. p. [leg. c.] 21. Ammian. xxii. 16.
Ref. 195
Scaliger Animadver. ad Euseb. Chron. p. 258. Three dissertations of M. Bonamy, in the Mém. de l’Académie, tom. ix.
Ref. 196
Strabo, l. xii. p. 569.
Ref. 197
Hist. August. p. 197 [xxiv. 25].
Ref. 198
See Cellarius, Geog. Antiq. tom. ii. p. 137, upon the limits of Isauria.
Ref. 199
Hist. August. p. 177 [xxiii. 5].
Ref. 200
Ibid. [ib.]. Zosimus, l. i. p. 24 . Zonaras, l. xii. p. 623 . Euseb. Chronicon. Victor in Epitom. Victor in Cæsar. . Eutropius, ix. 5. Orosius, vii. 21. [One of the most significant proofs of the distress of the empire in the reign of Gallienus is the bankruptcy of the government, which resorted to the old expedient of shameless depreciation of the coinage. At the end of his reign the argenteus was merely a coin of base metal washed over with silver. See Finlay, History of Greece, ed. Tozer, vol. 1. Appendix ii.]
Ref. 201
Euseb. Hist. Eccles. vii. 21. The fact is taken from the Letters of Dionysius, who in the time of those troubles was bishop of Alexandria.
Ref. 202
In a great number of parishes 11,000 persons were found between fourteen and eighty; 5365 between forty and seventy. See Buffon, Histoire Naturelle, tom. ii. p. 590.
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