carried from camp to camp. This ill-assorted kind of engagement, however, is not of very frequent occurrence, as the young men are too much afraid of the ridicule which their more fortunate fellows would surely shower upon their uxorious heads.
In their matrimonial alliances great deference is paid to consanguinity, the very slightest blood relationship being a definite barrier to that connexion. In their sexual intercourse, however, they are not in the least bit particular, consequently incest of every grade is continually being perpetrated. Chastity is quite unknown amongst them, and it is a hopeless task endeavouring to make them understand the value of that virtue. In speaking to them on this not very choice subject, they point to all the animals in nature, and say, "These are not restricted in any way, why then should we be?" They say all such trammels and prohibitions may be quite correct as regards white men, but not being in accordance with aboriginal ethics, and never having been practised by any of their progenitors, they cannot see why they should (merely because a white man bids them) ignore that which their forefathers deemed good from the very earliest times, and which they themselves feel to be innate. Of course, to arguments of this kind, and so put, especially when your opponent is an untaught and nearly unteachable savage, there is no possibility of reply. We can therefore only shrug our shoulders and pity the poor, ignorant child of nature.
Much of this absence of chastity is due to the promiscuous manner they have of huddling up together in their loondthals, and to the coarse, obscene, and lewd character of the stories in listening to which they spend so much of their time round the camp fires at night. All their facetiæ, too, are of the same broad, gross nature. Were they not so they would fail to meet with the appreciative audiences which silently sit for hours together, with mouths agape, drinking in the foul pruriency of the savage story-teller. When we consider that all these descriptions of lewd tales, and their accompanying gross facetiæ are retailed in the presence of the children, it can scarcely be matter for wonder that they should grow up into men and women possessing but hazy notions concerning chastity and its many beauties. It frequently happens that two brothers-in-law fall out and quarrel. If the difference becomes serious, the first thing they do is—each sends off his wife to her brother, thus getting back their respective sisters.[2] The fact of their each having babies does not in any way militate against the custom; of course the children in these cases go with their mothers. Quarrels very often result in these summary denouements, against which the poor women dare not say one word, however much may be their aversion to the change. This law is one of the rights inherent in aboriginal manhood which cannot be controverted. As a natural consequence the right is often exercised because of the most trivial reasons. Sometimes, however, regret will supervene, when the wives are returned to their original partners. This is, of course, very laudable, but, being so, seldom. occurs. When a woman becomes a widow she falls back to her father, brother, or guardian, as the case may be. In no instance does she go to her late husband's relations. If she is not too old she is again exchanged away, her children, if any, going with her. If, on the other hand, she should be too old to tempt the owners of marriageable girls, she becomes a waif and drudge in the tribe, unless some one of of the enforced bachelors[3] should deem her fitted to attend to his wants; if so, he has only to make his wishes known, when the sable widow gladly accepts his protection.
These numberless choppings and changes makes it almost impossible to tell the true paternity of many of the children, but as there is not any property depending upon heirship, legitimacy or the contrary is of very little consequence, and a bar sinister in their genealogical trees is not deemed derogatory in any way. The children do not receive any schooling. When old enough to run about they do just whatever pleases them, without the slightest reference to any one. Their parents never by any chance endeavour to guide them aright; in short, they do not possess the very remotest control over their actions. It is true that sometimes in a burst of passion a father will lend his child a clout with a waddy, which will well nigh brain the little savage. This, however, only induces a wild fit of bellowing, together with a period of sulks, more or less long, according to the evanescense or the contrary of the pain inflicted.
They are altogether lacking in any system calculated to inculcate patience, endurance of pain or privation, into the youthful character. Therefore both adults and children are woefully deficient in the exhibition of these virtues, which are so essential to the well-being of mankind, be they heathen or so-called Christians.
Unlike children of other races, these have no sports or pastimes relating to the years of childhood alone, their youthful amusements being merely the occupations of their riper years in miniature. Thus, it may be said, that there is not any period of boyhood and girlhood amongst them, boys and girls being men and women from the time they can run alone, only of a lesser growth.
Infanticide prevails amongst all the tribes to a very considerable extent, and in too many instances the poor little victims are eaten. Mothers frequently sustain nature by making food of their own offspring. This latter horrible practice occurs generally when the tribes are making long journeys. At such times carrying the children becomes burdensome to the mothers. That, in conjunction with being short of provisions (which is of no unusual occurrence when large numbers travel in a body through an inhospitable region such as the Mallee Scrub), is to a great extent the cause of this unnatural crime. In the winter time they make a common habit of trailing through the Mallee Scrub for hundreds of miles. They are extremely partial to these rambles, as they can be done with the utmost impunity—that is, they have no fear of meeting with hostile tribes during such journeyings, and even although they have difficulty enough at these times in procuring a sufficiency of food, still they like the vast and arid desert, because of the immunity they enjoy there from the everlasting bodily terror which continually preys upon their spirits in less remote districts, keeping them awake at night, or colouring their dreams with no pleasant lines, when "tired nature's sweet restorer" weighs down their eyelids. In the very barrenest portion of the barren Mallee Scrub there is a considerable depression or dry lake, distant from the Murray River about eight miles. The bottom of this lake is composed of a bright red ochre, which the natives use in large quantities in the ornamentation of their own bodies, and decorating their opossum cloaks as well. To procure this paint the tribes nearest thereto make yearly journeys to the lake, and in doing so frequently undergo serious privations by reason of the scarcity of food and water on the way. They take a supply of water with them in bags formed of wallaby skins, but as it takes them ten days or more to make the journey both ways and prepare the paint, their water supply usually runs short long before they return to their starting point. When this occurs they resort to the root of a peculiar kind of mallee, which they call weir, from whence they obtain a supply of sweet and limpid water, even in the warmest weather. The roots of this tree grow near the surface, and run laterally, sometimes for thirty or forty feet, without any appreciable difference in diameter. These roots they tear up and break into short lengths, which pieces are placed on end in an improvised coolamen. In half-an-hour the roots will be drained quite dry. From half-a-dozen such roots—that is, twenty or thirty feet long—as much as three or four gallons of water will be procured. The water is very nice and cool, having the very faintest sub-acid flavour, which makes it a most delicious, as well as refreshing beverage for hot and thirsty travellers.
Food, however, is not so easily obtained, by reason of the aridity of the land. The scrub is not large enough to contain opossum, and the distance from water makes creatures of the reptile class very scarce. Thus they are compelled to look for grubs in the roots of the smaller kinds of shrubs. These root grubs, though, are so small it takes a considerable amount of bush grubbing to procure a satisfactory meal. During these meagre days infanticide and anthropophagy are of frequent occurrence. They have sense enough to feel a certain amount of shame because of this horrible practice; at least, when chance induces someone to ask of the whereabouts of a certain child which has been made food of, they give some evasive answer, whilst hanging their heads in a very guilt-stricken manner. In dress there is not the least difference between that of the male and the female. The opossum rug is the only covering of both sexes, and in both it is worn in exactly the same manner—that is, somewhat after the fashion (as seen in paintings) of the Roman Toga, across the shoulder, with one arm free. On the very old men and the young women it is an exceedingly
