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Table of contents
Section 1 Theoretical foundations and methodological implications
Eva Maria Hinterhuber, Silke Schneider Gender, Civil Society, and Non-Democratic Regimes
Annette Zimmer If Not for Democracy, for What? Civil Society in Authoritarian Settings
Gabriele Wilde The Authoritarian as Discourse and Practice: a Feminist Post-structural Approach
Katharina Obuch Between Militancy and Survival? The Case of the Nicaraguan Women’s Movement
Patricia Graf In the Shadow of Autocracy. Gender Politics in Chile
[7] Civil Society and Gender Relations in Non-Democratic Regimes: Democracy, Power, and Traditional Gender Roles. Introduction
Katharina Obuch, Gabriele Wilde, Annette Zimmer
1. The worldwide developments of non-democratic regimes
While the number of democratic regimes in the world reached its peak around the turn of the millennium, the last decade of the new century has been marked by a “renaissance of authoritarianism” (Bank 2009). In 2017, according to Freedom House, 61% of the global population lived in countries that are either only “partly free” or “not free” at all, marking the “12th consecutive year of decline in global freedom” (Freedom House 2018). As Journal of Democracy editor Marc Plattner (2017) recently stated, “Today liberal democracy is clearly on the defensive. Authoritarian regimes of various stripes are showing a new boldness, and they appear to be growing stronger as the confidence and vigor of the democracies wane” (ibid. 2017: 6). Current prominent examples include the consolidation of Vladimir Putin’s rule in Russia, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s autocratic course in Turkey, the increased repression of human rights activists in China, the electoral victory of a right-wing government in Poland, and the erosion of democratic values under Viktor Orbán in Hungary. Even more, the authoritarian trend does not stop short of assumed guarantors of democracy but is apparent in the “rise of populist parties and candidates in the long-established democracies of the West” (ibid. 2017: 6). This includes, among others, the new government coalition in Austria including the far-right Freedom Party, the relative strength of Marine Le Pen’s Front National in the past presidential election in France, and the success of the populist political outsider Donald Trump in the US elections.
[8] These worldwide developments have also inspired a paradigm shift in the field of democratization studies (see Carothers 2002). Since the start of the Third Wave democratizations (Huntington 1991) with Portugal’s peaceful Carnation Revolution in 1974, scholars occupied with the study of regime change have heavily focused on democratic
