13: Bioenergy applications and artificial photosynthesis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Solar energy conversion
13.3 What is the efficiency of natural photosynthesis?
13.4 Calculation of the energy storage efficiency of oxygenic photosynthesis
13.5 Why is the efficiency of photosynthesis so low?
13.6 How might the efficiency of photosynthesis be improved?
13.7 Artificial photosynthesis
References
21 Appendix 1: Light, energy, and kinetics A.1 Light A.2 Thermodynamics A.3 Boltzmann distribution A.4 Electrochemistry: reduction–oxidation reactions A.5 Chemical kinetics A.6 Quantum versus classical mechanics A.7 Quantum mechanics – the basic ideas A.8 Molecular energy levels and spectroscopy A.9 Practical aspects of spectroscopy A.10 Photochemistry References Further reading Further advanced reading
22 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Metabolic patterns in living organisms
2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Distribution of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophyllsTable 4.2 Spectroscopic properties of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophyllsin...
3 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Classes of photosynthetic antennasTable 5.2 FörsterR0 values for photosynthetic pigments
4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Subunit structure of Photosystem IITable 7.2 Subunit structure of the cytochromeb6f complexTable 7.3 Subunit structure of Photosystem I
5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Subunit structure of the ATP synthase complex of chloroplasts
6 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Chemical reactions of the Calvin–Benson cycle.Table 9.2 Enzymatic and physical parameters for rubisco.Table 9.3 Chemical reactions involved in photorespiration.Table 9.4 Chemical reactions involved in C4 and CAM photosynthesis.Table 9.5 Chemical reactions involved in starch and sucrose synthesis.
7 Appendix 1Table A1.1 Free energies of formation of some chemical compounds important in...Table A1.2 Midpoint redox potentials for reactions of interest in photosynthe...Table A1.3 Excited‐state redox potentials and excitation energies.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Solar irradiance spectra and absorption spectra of photosynthetic...Figure 1.2 Exploding diagram of the photosynthetic apparatus of a typical hi...Figure 1.3 (a) Schematic diagram illustrating the concept of antennas in pho...Figure 1.4 (a) General electron transfer scheme in photosynthetic reaction c...Figure 1.5 Schematic diagram of the noncyclic electron transfer pathway foun...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Small subunit rRNA phylogenetic tree of Life, with division into ...Figure 2.2 Photosynthetic machinery and electron transport of photosynthetic...Figure 2.3 Thin section transmission electron micrograph of the purple bacte...Figure 2.4 Thin section transmission electron micrograph of the cyanobacteri...Figure 2.5 Electron micrograph of chloroplast from tobacco.Figure 2.6 Schematic diagram of a chloroplast, showing the inner and outer e...Figure 2.7 Electron microscopic tomographic surface representation of the th...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Joseph Priestley and the discovery of oxygen.Figure 3.2 Emerson and Arnold's experiment establishing a light stage and a ...Figure 3.3 Emerson and Arnold's experiment establishing the light saturation...Figure 3.4 Absorption spectrum of chloroplasts (dashed line) and action spec...Figure 3.5 Antagonistic effects on cytochrome oxidation. Irradiation with th...Figure 3.6 Hill and Bendall's (1960) original formulation of the Z scheme fo...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Numbering schemes for chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. Chlo...Figure 4.2 Space filling model of chlorophyll a. Carbon is shown as black, h...Figure 4.3 Chemical structures of chlorophylls a, b, c, d, and f. R1, R2, et...Figure 4.4 Chemical structures of bacteriochlorophylls a, b, c, d, e, f, and...Figure 4.5 Chemical structures of pheophytin a and bacteriopheophytin a.Figure 4.6 Outline of chlorophyll a
