the XIX century Kazan became a major industrial center. Kilometers of paved streets, pharmacies, banks, hotels and the first theater were built here. By 1897 the population of the city reached 130 thousand people. By this time such technical innovations as telegraph (1853), telephone (1882), electricity (1897), streetcar (1899) and radio (1924) were also introduced.
After the 1917 revolution and the formation of the Tatar ASSR, Kazan experienced a cultural renaissance. Educational institutions such as Kazan State University contributed to the development of literature, language, and national consciousness. In the 1920s and 1950s, industrialization led to rapid population growth to over 500,000 people.
During the Soviet period Kazan became a major scientific and technical center. New infrastructure projects such as airports, subways, dams and power plants were implemented in the city. Industry in Kazan expanded greatly, including manufacturing, chemical and defense industries. By 1979, the population exceeded 1 million.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Kazan experienced the difficulties of transition to a market economy. However, in the 2000s it was reborn as a prosperous and cosmopolitan city. Important milestones were the city's millennium celebrations in 2005 and the hosting of the 2013 Summer Universiade. By 2010, the population had surpassed 1.1 million.
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