1
Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 41. 1904.
2
Cf. for example Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 26. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 88, 89.
3
Howitt, ut supra, pp. 511, 513.
4
Hale, U.S. Exploring Expedition, p. 410. 1846.
5
Howitt, ut supra, p. 89.
7
There are exceptions, or at least one exception is known to the rule of animal names for phratries, a point to which we shall return. Dr. Roth (N.W. Central Queensland Aborigines, p. 56) suggests that the phratry names Wutaru and Pakuta mean One and Two (cf. p. 26). For Wutaru and Yungaru, however, interpretations indicating names of animals are given, diversely, by Mr. Bridgman and Mr. Chatfield, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, pp. 40, 41.
8
That reckoning descent in the female line, among totemists, is earlier than reckoning in the male line, Mr. Howitt, Mr. Tylor, Dr. Durkheim, and Messrs. Spencer and Gillen, with Mr. J. G. Frazer, till recently, are agreed. Starcke says "usually the female line only appears in connection with the Kobong (totem) groups," and he holds the eccentric opinion that totems are relatively late, and that the tribes with none are the more primitive! (The Primitive Family, p. 26, 1896.) This writer calls Mr. Howitt "a missionary."
9
That this is the case will be proved later; the fact has hitherto escaped observation.
10
Frazer, Totemism, p. 6l. Morgan, Ancient Society, pp. 90, 94 et seq.
11
Native Tribes of South-East Australia. Macmillan, 1904.
12
Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 640. For examples, pp. 528-535.
14
That is, on our present information. It is very unusual for orthodox adhesion to one set of myths to prevail.
15
Sometimes members of one totem are said to be restricted to marriage with members of only one other totem.
16
Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 284, citing Mr. J. G. Frazer.
17
Native Tribes of Central Australia, 1899. Northern Tribes of Central Australia, 1904. Macmillan.
18
Cf. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 188-189. Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 60.
19
Howitt, op. cit., p. 676, N.T., p. 20.
20
Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 214. The same opinion is stated as very probable in Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 329.
22
Mrs. Langloh Parker's M.S.
23
I am uncertain as to this point among the Urabunna, as will appear later.
24
The Dieri tribe do pray to the Mura-Mura, or mythical ancestors, but not, apparently, to the remembered dead.
25
"Totemism, South Africa," J. G. Frazer, Man, 1901, No. III. Mr. Frazer does not, of course, adopt the Bantu myth as settling the question.
26
Stow, MSS., 820. I owe the extract to Miss C. G. Burne.
27
I have not included the theory of Dr. Westermarck, in the History of Human Marriage, because that work is written without any reference to totemism.
28
Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 89.
29
Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 90.
30
Loc. cit. Mr. Howitt says "classes," but we adhere to the term "phratries."
31
Natives of Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, p. 63.
32
Spencer end Gillen, pp. 92-98.
33
Natives of Central Australia, Spencer and Gillen, p. 63.
34
For a large account of these customs see The Golden Bough, second edition.
35
Fison, J.A.I., xiv. p. 28.
tribes which, with the pristine social organisation of the Urabunna and their congeners, lack the more recent institutions of circumcision, subincision, totemic magic, possess the All Father belief, but not the belief in prehuman predecessors, or, at least, in their constant reincarnation. (This last is not a Dieri belief.) But among these primitive south-east tribes, Pirrauru is no more found than subincision. Nor is it found among the Arunta and the northern tribes. It is an isolated "sport" among the Dieri, Urabunna, and their congeners. Being thus isolated, Pirrauru cannot claim to be a necessary step in evolution from "group marriage" to "individual marriage." It may, however, though the point is uncertain, prevail, or have prevailed, "among all the tribes between Port Lincoln and the Yerkla-mining at Eucla," that is, wherever the Dieri and Urabunna phratry names, Matteri and Kararu, exist.59 Having identical phratry names (or one phratry name identical, as among the Kunandaburi), whether by borrowing or by original community of language and institutions: all these tribes southward to the sea from Lake Eyre may possess, or may have possessed, Pirrauru.