an example to help clarify the difference between programs and portfolios. Let’s say your company is in the construction business. The organization has several business units: retail construction, single-family residential buildings, and multifamily residential buildings. Individually, each of the business units may comprise a program. For example, retail construction is a program because all the projects within this program exist to create new retail-oriented buildings. This is not the same as single-family home construction (a different program), which is not the same as multifamily residential construction (a different program). Collectively, the programs and projects within all of these business units make up the portfolio. Other projects and programs may exist within this portfolio as well, such as parking structures, landscaping, and so on.
Programs and projects within a portfolio are not necessarily related to one another in a direct way. And projects may independently exist within the portfolio (in other words, the project isn’t related to a program but belongs to the portfolio). However, the overall objective of any program or project in a portfolio is to meet the strategic objectives of the portfolio, which in turn should meet the strategic objectives of the business unit or corporation.
Understanding Operations
Operations are ongoing and repetitive. They don’t have a beginning date or an ending date, unless you’re starting a new operation or retiring an old one. Operations typically involve ongoing functions that support the production of goods or services. Projects, on the other hand, come about to meet a specific, unique result and then conclude.
It’s important to understand that projects and operations go hand in hand in many cases. For example, perhaps you’ve been assigned to research and implement state-of-the-art equipment for a shoe manufacturing plant. Once the implementation of the equipment is complete, the project is concluded. A handoff to the operations team occurs, and the everyday tasks the equipment performs become an ongoing operation.
Let’s look at the definition of two more terms. Project management brings together a set of tools and techniques – performed by people – to describe, organize, and monitor the work of project activities. Project managers (PMs) are the people responsible for applying these tools to the various project activities. Their primary purpose is to integrate all the components of the project and bring it to a successful conclusion. Managing a project involves many skills, including dealing with competing needs for your resources, obtaining adequate budget dollars, identifying risks, managing to the project requirements, interacting with stakeholders, staying on schedule, and ensuring a quality product.
Using the PMBOK Guide®
Project management standards are documented in A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide®), published by the Project Management Institute. PMI® sets the global de facto standard in project management. It’s a large organization with more than 700,000 members from countries around the globe.
In addition to publishing the PMBOK Guide®, PMI® also manages two rigorous certification exams for individual project managers: the Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM)® and the Project Management Professional (PMP)®. The PMBOK Guide® is the basis for the exam portion of the CAPM and PMP certifications. If you continue in a career in project management, you may decide to study and sit for the CAPM or PMP certification exams. The material you will study to prepare for the Project+ exam is an excellent foundation on which to build your project management knowledge.
Understanding Organizational Structures
The structure of your organization has an impact on many aspects of project management, including the authority of the project manager and the process to assign resources.
Project managers are often frustrated by what appear to be roadblocks in moving the project forward, but in many cases, the root issue is the organizational structure itself and how it operates. The following sections will cover the different types of organizational structures and how they influence the way projects are conducted.
The Functional Organization
The classic organizational structure is the functional organization, as shown in Figure 1.1. In this structure, the staff is organized along departmental lines, such as IT, marketing, sales, network, human resources, public relations, customer support, and legal. Each department is managed independently with a limited span of control. This organizational type is hierarchical, with each staff member reporting to one supervisor, who in turn reports to one supervisor, and so on up the chain. Figure 1.1 shows a typical functional organization.
FIGURE 1.1 The functional organization
A functional organization often goes about the work of the project in a siloed fashion. That is, the project deliverables are worked on independently in different departments. This can cause frustration among project managers, because they are the ones held accountable for the results of the project, but they have no means of holding team members from other departments accountable for completing project deliverables.
A project manager in a functional organization should develop strong working relationships with the functional managers. Functional managers are responsible for assigning work to the employees who report to them. They are also responsible for rating the performance of the employees and determining their raises or bonuses. This, as you can imagine, sets up a strong loyalty between the employee and the functional manager as opposed to the employee and the project manager. However, that doesn’t mean project managers can’t be successful in this type of organization. Building a relationship with the functional managers and maintaining open communications is the key to successful projects in this type of structure. It also helps a great deal if you can contribute to the employee’s performance ratings by rating their work on the project.
The functional organization is the most common organizational structure and has endured for centuries. The advantages of a functional organization include the following:
■ Growth potential and a career path for employees
■ The opportunity for those with unique skills to flourish
■ A clear chain of command (each staff member has one supervisor – the functional manager)
The typical disadvantages of a functional organization
