constrict, increasing blood flow to warm the surface of the skin.
C.When external temperature drops, enzyme levels also drop and the hypothalamus triggers the body to release epinephrine, which constricts blood vessels, increasing blood flow that warms the skin.
D.As temperatures drop, the body causes the hair on the scalp and arms to stand up, triggering nerves in the skin to constrict, creating a more solid barrier against the cold.
Answer: A. Constriction of blood vessels in the second skin layer reduces amount of blood that reaches the epidermis, serving to conserve body heat.
Learning Objective: 3
3.How does the dermis differ from the epidermis?
A.The dermis is composed of five layers that offer different functions in addition to protection against bacteria.
B.The epidermis consists of a reticular and papillary layer, while the dermis contains five distinct layers responsible for immunity.
C.The dermis is considered the second layer of skin beneath the epidermis and is where the keratinocytes and the melanocytes are manufactured.
D.The epidermis is defined as the uppermost layer of the skin and is composed of five layers, while the dermis is defined as the second layer of skin and is composed of two distinct layers.
Answer: D. The epidermis is composed of five layers; the Stratum corneum, the Stratum lucidum, the Stratum granulosum, the Stratum spinosum, and the Stratum basale. The dermis consists of two distinct layers; the reticular and the papillary layers.
Learning Objective: 2
4.In which basic ways does the integumentary system influence other body systems?
A.The skin aids in balance of electrolytes, provides barriers against infection, helps regulate body temperature, and conserves or evaporates body fluids.
B.Skin is involved in filtration of vitamins A and D, homeostasis, and serves as the foundation for hair growth, which helps the body stay warm and protects it from UV rays.
C.The basic role of the skin is to produce heat in order to maintain body temperature at 98.6°F. This function is regulated by the pituitary gland and ensures that regardless of environmental temperature changes, the body maintains optimal body heat.
D.All of the above.
Answer: A. The integumentary system, though constantly challenged by environmental and physical challenges, provides the body with its first line of defense that protects internal environment. This includes body temperature, fluid balances, immune system support, and more.
Learning Objective: 4
■References
| 1. | Elaine Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy and Physiology. 10th ed. (San Francisco, CA: Pearson, 2016), 150 p. | ||
| 2. | Carolee Sormunen. Terminology for Allied Health Professionals. 5th ed. (Canada, Thomson, 2003), 87 p. | ||
| 3. | Wilma Phipps, Frances Monahan, Judith Sands, Jane Marek, Marianne Neighbors. Medical-Surgical Nursing Health and Illness Perspectives. 7th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2003), 1934 p. | ||
| 4. | Elaine Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Human Anatomy and Physiology. 1oth ed. (San Francisco, CA: Pearson, 2016), 151 p. | ||
| 5. | Deutsches Zentrum fur Diabestsforschung, Paul Langerhans Institut Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich; University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Dresden Accessed April 2017. Available from: http://plid.de/en/paul-langerhans.html | ||
| 6. | Pubmed [Internet] Chomiczewska D, Trznadel-Budzko E, Kaczorowska, A, Rotsztein H, Pol Merkur Lekarski. “The role of Langerhans cells in the skin immune system” Pol Merkur Lekarski (2009. Mar;26(153): 173–7. Accessed April 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388527 | ||
| 7. | PMC [Internet] Munde, P, Khandekar S, Dive A, Sharma A. Pathophysiology of the Merkel cell. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2013 Sep-Dec; 17(3): 408–412. doi: 10.4103/0973-029X.125208 Accessed April 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3927344/ | ||
| 8. | Ibid. | ||
| 9. | Ibid. | ||
| 10. | Ibid. | ||
| 11. | Wilma Phipps, Frances Monahan, Judith Sands, Jane Marek, Marianne Neighbors. Medical-Surgical Nursing Health and Illness Perspectives. 7th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2003), 1934 p. | ||
| 12. | Pub Med Health [Internet] Papillary dermis. Accessed April 2017. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT 0022670/. | ||
| 13. | Ibid. | ||
| 14. |
Carolee Sormunen. Terminology for Allied Health Professionals.
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