Psychology Matters: Defining the FieldWhy Social Psychology?Social Psychology Is UniqueSocial Psychology and the Quest for Human NatureFree WillIndependenceRationalitySelf-Reflection 1.1: Do You Think You Have Free Will? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 1.2: Do You Think You Have Free Will? (Part 2)The SelfSocialityMoralityThe Evolving Nature of Social Psychology: Yesterday, Today, and TomorrowEarly Social Psychological StudiesThe First TextbooksA Creative Synthesis: The Mutual Influences of the Person and the SituationFurther Developments: The Multiple Causes of Social BehaviorEvolutionary FactorsContextual InfluencesIndividual FactorsSocial Psychology in EuropeEmerging TrendsIntegrating ExplanationsPrinciple Matters: Social Psychology’s Guiding PrinciplesPrinciple 1: Social Behavior Is PurposivePrinciple 2: Social Behavior Stems From Both Dispositional and Situational InfluencesPrinciple 3: Social Behavior Is Influenced by How People Construe SituationsPrinciple 4: Social Behavior Is CulturalScience Matters: Social Psychology Is a ScienceHindsight BiasScience Is Not What You ThinkDoing Research: An Introduction to Research MethodsResearch Matters: Beyond Lay TheoriesQuestions Matter: Good Questions and Good HypothesesTheory Matters: What Are Theories For?Final Thoughts: Social Psychology and Human Nature RevisitedCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings2 | The Social BrainThe Case of Phineas GageWhat Is the Brain?Origins of the Social BrainSelf-Reflection 2.1: When a Picture IS Worth 1,000 Words (Part 1)Self-Reflection 2.2: When a Picture IS Worth 1,000 Words (Part 2)Anatomy of the BrainWhat Is a Neuron?Structures of the BrainPrefrontal CortexLimbic SystemInsulaThalamus and HypothalamusResearch Box 2.1: Moral Disgust and the Insula Hypothesis: The Perception of DisgustChromosomes, Genes, and DNADoing Research: Methods of Social NeuroscienceGalvanic Skin ResponseElectromyographyElectroencephalography (EEG) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG)Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)Other MethodsMultimethodsSocial Neuroscience and the Fundamental QuestionsApplying Social Neuroscience to Law: Can fMRI Detect Lies?Free WillIndependenceRationalitySelfSocialityMoralityFinal Thoughts: Evolution, Brain Plasticity, and CultureCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings4 Part II Thinking About the Self and Others3 | Social CognitionBelieving Is SeeingThe Psychology of Social ThinkingAre People Different Than Things? The “Social” in Social CognitionThe Nature of Social CognitionUnderstanding Is Believing: How You Cannot NOT BelieveThe Dual Mind: Automatic and Controlled ProcessingPriming: Thinking and Doing Without KnowingSelf-Reflection 3.1: How Do You Feel About Robots? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 3.2: How Do You Feel About Robots? (Part 2)Free Will and the Dual MindHeuristics: Mental ShortcutsAvailabilityRepresentativenessAnchoring and AdjustmentResearch Box 3.1: Anchoring and AdjustmentDoing Research: Reliability and ValidityMotivated ReasoningBelief Perseverance: Believing When There Is no EvidenceConsidering the OppositeConfirmation BiasBiased Evaluation of InformationCulture and CognitionSocial Psychology Applied to Health: Stress and CopingFinal Thoughts: Free Will and Rationality RevisitedCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings4 | What Is the Self?The Many “Me’s” of the SelfWhat Is the Self: The Self as Thinker and the ThoughtKnowing Oneself: The Self-ConceptSelf-Discrepancy Theory and Possible SelvesKnowing Who We Are: Introspection and Self-PerceptionIntrospectionSelf-PerceptionDoing Research: Questioning Self-Reports and SurveysEvaluating How We Are DoingSelf-EsteemSelf-EnhancementSelf-Reflection 4.1: Measuring Your Self-Esteem (Part 1)Self-Reflection 4.2: Measuring Your Self-Esteem (Part 2)Social Comparison: Looking Up and Looking DownFalse Consensus and False UniquenessSelf-Serving JudgmentsResearch Box 4.1. The Better-Than-Average EffectThe Bias Blind Spot: Being Biased About Being BiasedSelf-Presentation: Displaying OneselfSelf-MonitoringThe Spotlight Effect and the Illusion of TransparencyGetting Them to Like Me: IngratiationGetting Them to Appreciate Me: Self-PromotionSocial Psychology Applied to Work: Managing ImpressionsI Failed But I Am Still Competent! Self-HandicappingSelf-Regulation: Controlling OneselfSelf-Control Failure and Ironic ProcessesConfirming the Self: Self-VerificationA Clash of Motives?Final Thoughts: The Paradox of the SelfCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings5 | Social Perception“Nice to Meet You. You’re Hired!” Job Interviews in SecondsImpression FormationEarly ResearchForming First ImpressionsThin SlicesBiases in Social PerceptionElectronic Person Perception: What Your Online Presentation Says About YouResearch Box 5.1. Implicit Personality TheoriesNonverbal Communication and Emotional ExpressionsEmotional Expressions: Universal or Culturally Specific?Recognizing HappinessEmotion Blends and DialectsDoing Research: The Challenges of Cross-Cultural StudiesDetecting DeceptionSelf-Reflection 5.1: Measuring Individualism/Collectivism (Part 1)Self-Reflection 5.2: Measuring Individualism/Collectivism (Part 2)Social Psychology Applied to Law: Catching LiarsHow Observations Can Fail Us: Four Cognitive Illusions: Control, Gambling, Shooting Streaks, and Imagined AssociationsIllusion of ControlGambler’s Fallacy and the Hot Hand IllusionIllusory CorrelationAttributions: Determining the Causes of BehaviorFinal Thoughts: Sex Categorization and Free WillCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings
5 Part III Interpersonal Influence6 | Social InfluenceGood People Turning BadTypes of Social InfluenceSix Principles of Interpersonal InfluenceThe Principle of ReciprocityConformity and the Social Validation PrincipleResearch Box 6.1: Reciprocity and CultureTwo Types of Social NormsSocial Norms and ConformityConformity Across CulturesOther Factors Influencing ConformityNeuroscience and ConformityThe Neuroscience of ConformityObedience and the Authority PrincipleSelf-Reflection 6.1: Attitudes Toward Torture (Part 1)Self-Reflection 6.2: Attitudes Toward Torture (Part 2)Social Psychology Applied to Law: Coerced ConfessionsDoing Research: Deception and Ethics in ResearchNeed for DeceptionObedience in the 21st Century: Milgram RevisitedFactors Influencing the Power of AuthorityThe Power of the Situation Revisited: Culture, Gender, PersonalityFinal Thoughts: The Upsides of Compliance, Obedience, and ConformityCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings7 | Attitudes and PersuasionWhen Prophecies FailThe Nature of AttitudesAttitude StructureThe Origins of AttitudesIndividual ExperiencesContextual InfluencesBiological FactorsTwo Routes to PersuasionCentral and Peripheral ProcessingHeuristic-Systematic ModelElements of PersuasionSource FactorsMessage FactorsAudience FactorsThe Effects of Attitudes on BehaviorThe Reasoned Action ApproachDoing Research: Measuring AttitudesSocial Psychology Applied to Health: Predicting Behavior ChangeDirect Self-Report MethodsIndirect MethodsFactors That Impact the Relationship Between Attitudes and BehaviorCognitive Consistency and the Effects of Behavior on AttitudesBalance TheoryAdvances in Dissonance TheoryResearch Box 7.1: The Neuroscience of Cognitive DissonanceSelf-Reflection 7.1: Preference for Consistency (Part 1)Self-Reflection 7.2: Preference for Consistency (Part 2)Final Thoughts: Resisting PersuasionCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings
6 Part IV Moral Behavior8 | HelpingThe Nature of Helping BehaviorWhy We HelpOrigins of Helping BehaviorKin SelectionHeritabilityGroup SelectionReciprocityIndividual ExperiencesResearch Box 8.1: Prosocial Video Games and HelpingWhen Do We Help?Time PressureLocationMoodNegative State Relief ModelWeighing the Costs and Benefits of HelpingHelping in EmergenciesCharacteristics of EmergenciesFailure to HelpDoing Research: Safeguarding Research ParticipantsSocial Psychology Applied to Work: Organizational Citizenship on the JobThe Empathy-Altruism RelationshipNeuroscience of EmpathyEgoism Versus Altruism RevisitedPerson Factors Affecting HelpingAltruistic PersonalityGender and Helping: Who Helps More?Self-Reflection 8.1: How Prosocial Are You? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 8.2: How Prosocial Are You? (Part 2)Who Gets Helped?Helping Across CulturesFinal Thoughts: A Broader View of HelpingCore ConceptsKey TermsThink Further!Suggested Readings9 | AggressionMass ShootingsThe Nature of AggressionWhat Is Aggression?Forms of AggressionThe Origins of AggressionEvolutionary InfluencesGeneticsTestosteroneSerotoninBrain Structures and Executive FunctionIndividual ExperiencesMedia InfluenceWhen Do We Aggress?Frustration-Aggression HypothesisCognitive Neoassociationist TheoryContextual FactorsInterpersonal FactorsCultural InfluencesThe General Aggression ModelDoing Research: Archival Studies of Historical AggressionPerson Factors Affecting AggressionSelf-Reflection 9.1: How Aggressive Are You? (Part 1)Self-Reflection 9.2: How Aggressive Are You?
