Terms
Acquiescence Bias, 123
Actual Self, 114
Better-Than-Average Effect, 132
Bias Blind Spot, 134
Context Effects, 124
Counterfactual Thinking, 131
Downward Social Comparison, 130
Extremity Bias, 123
Extrinsic Motivation, 121
Facial Feedback Hypothesis, 121
False Consensus Effect, 131
False Uniqueness Effect, 132
Ideal Self, 114
Illusion of Transparency, 135
Impression Management, 134
Ingratiation, 136
Interpersonal Self, 134
Intrinsic Motivation, 121
Introspection, 116
Ironic Process of Mental Control, 143
Ought Self, 114
Overjustification Effect, 121
Response Effects, 123
Schemas, 113
Self, 111
Self-Concept, 113
Self-Discrepancy Theory, 114
Self-Esteem, 125
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model (SEM), 128
Self-Handicapping, 139
Self-Monitoring, 134
Self-Perception Theory, 119
Self-Promotion, 130
Self-Protection, 130
Self-Regulation, 141
Self-Report, 122
Self-Schema, 113
Self-Serving Attributional Bias, 133
Self-Verification, 145
Social Comparison, 128
Sociometer Hypothesis, 126
Spotlight Effect, 135
Surveys, 125
Theory of Social Comparison Processes, 128
Upward Social Comparison, 130
Willpower, 141
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Think Further!
What is the self? Does the definition in this chapter make sense to you? Are there any problems or disadvantages to defining it this way?
Define and give examples of self-concept, self-esteem, the interpersonal self, and the executive self.
Define and then sketch out your actual, ideal, and ought selves. What feelings are typically triggered by wide discrepancies between the selves? Do you experience any of these feelings?
Compare and contrast introspection and self-perception as ways of learning about the self. If you could only use one strategy to understand who you are, which would you choose and why?
What are the advantages and disadvantages to using self-reports to investigate social psychological phenomena? If you decided to use self-reports for a research project, how would you determine whether or not your participants were demonstrating response effects?
Willpower is often described as analogous to a muscle that can be strengthened with practice. Explain what this means. Pick an activity over which you wish you had more control. How might you practice to strengthen your willpower here?
Suggested Readings
Baumeister, R. F. (1987). How the self became a problem: A psychological review of historical research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 163–176.
Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183–200.
Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Kwang, T., & Swann, W. B. (2010). Do people embrace praise even when they feel unworthy? A review of critical tests of self-enhancement versus self-verification. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 263–280.
Lee, H. I., Leung, A. K. y., & Kim, Y. H. (2014). Unpacking East–West differences in the extent of self-enhancement from the perspective of face versus dignity culture. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 314–327.
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Chapter 5 Social Perception
Speed interviewing is used by a wide range of companies. Here, an applicant for job in petroleum engineering strives to leave a favorable impression.
AP Photo/Tim Johnson.
Learning Objectives
5.1 Explain the additive and configural models of impression formation and illustrate each with an example.
5.2 Describe what is meant by a “thin slice” and the research that has supported its predictive value; describe
