10.10.4 Muscle Activity of Swallowing
10.10.5 Forces during Swallowing
10.11.1 Phonation and Articulation
11.1 General Features of Aging
11.2.2 Stains and Discoloration
11.2.3 Secondary and Sclerotic Dentin
11.2.4 Age Changes in the Dental Pulp
11.3 Age Changes in Tooth Support
11.3.1 The Periodontal Ligament
11.3.5 Changes in the Temporomandibular Joint
11.5 Nutritional Changes in Aging
11.6 Forensic Features of Eruption and Wear
11.7 Emotional Changes in Aging
Appendix A. The Origins of Teeth
A.1.1 The Evolution of Mammalian Teeth
A.1.2 The Mammalian Work Ethic
A.1.4 A Robust Skeleton and Powerful Muscles
A.1.6 The Mammalian Tooth Socket
A.2 The Mechanics of Tooth Use
Appendix B. Dental Hard Tissues
B.1 Physical Properties of Enamel and Dentin
B.3 Composites and Resistance to Fracture
Appendix C. Oral Mucosa and the Periodontium
Appendix D. The Ecology of the Oral Cavity
D.4 Gene Regulation in Biofilms
