of Haitian women in popular global media outlets.
So why would Mary-Kettely claim invisibility?
I got some answers on my second trip since the earthquake to the Caribbean country where I was born and still have family. As a cultural anthropologist and university professor, I went to participate in a board meeting for INURED (Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development, a think-and-do tank to advance educational opportunities for the most marginalized) and to hear for myself about the plight of Haiti’s women. Jean—secretary of the Cité Soleil Community Forum and director of GFK (Group of Women Fighters)—and five other women leaders of small grassroots organizations based in the huge Port-au-Prince slum known as Cité Soleil talked with me as we sat under a tarp in the public meeting space of a tent camp.
“Se nou ki pi méprizé lan sosyete a,” said Lucienne Trudor in Kreyòl (Creole). Tudor is the treasurer of the Association of Women from the Iron Gate in Cité Soleil. “We are the ones who are the most ignored in this country.”
The women hoped that I could grant them access to the outside world—an access they don’t have, even with all the media coverage. “If we could find someone like you who would want to help us even when you don’t have money to give us,” said Jean. “If you get just our messages out maybe we could get some visibility.”
Women like Jean tend to be internal migrants who came to Port-au-Prince from one of Haiti’s nine other departments (similar to states) in search of work or education, then found themselves trapped in a cycle of poverty. With unemployment over 70 percent and no social welfare system, such women become dependent on the plethora of NGOs that have replaced the mostly absent Haitian state in providing basic needs and services. They have little or no representation and no access to channels of power.
Throughout its history, Haiti, like its women, has been both hyper-visible and invisible. Once labeled the jewel of the Caribbean, in part because of its high sugar production, Saint-Domingue—Haiti’s pre-independence name—was well known in the eighteenth century as France’s most profitable colony. That is until its enslaved population staged the only successful slave revolution in the history of the world.
After declaring itself a sovereign state in 1804, Haiti paid a high price for its freedom, as it not only abolished slavery but, boldly declared that no white person should ever set foot on the island under the title of master or proprietor. Whites were barred from owning land. Not surprisingly, Haiti became a geopolitical pariah, diplomatically isolated for nearly sixty years because it threatened the great powers that still trafficked in slaves.
This isolation and periodic economic blockade both compromised and corrupted former revolutionary leaders and successive governments, which attempted to establish the former plantation labor system in order to trade with larger markets. Haiti was further crippled by high-interest loans from European banks used to pay an indemnity demanded by France for its loss of property.
A brutal U.S. military occupation (1915–34) furthered state centralization in the capital of Port-au-Prince, while weakening regional institutions and economies. This geographical split between urban and rural Haiti is best exemplified by the fact that “peasant” and “moun andeyò” (people born on the outside) were categories of citizenship used on birth certificates of those born outside the capital. Haitian ruler after ruler—including the brutal Duvalier dictatorships (1957–86)—favored economic policies that benefited the elite.
To the West, Haiti is popularly known as “the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere”—code for “poor and black.” But invisible in this tagline are the wealth and culpability of the elite 3 percent of the populace, primarily descendants of European immigrants (many married Haitian women to bypass the constitution and become landowners) and Middle Eastern merchants. Along with the small middle class (12 percent of the population), they control 73 percent of national income. The poorest 20 percent receive just 1.1 percent of national income.
According to an old adage, famn se potomitan—women are the central pillars of their families. Yet, in many ways, they are also deemed socially inferior to men and didn’t earn the right to vote until 1950—which women across classes couldn’t fully exercise until 1990, when the first democratically held election took place in Haiti.
Elite women are more socially confined and expected to be trophy wives and daughters. Middle-class women are highly educated and slightly more visible, especially as professionals. Lower-class and poor women are usually less educated (they speak Kreyòl) but are disproportionately workers and heads of household. In urban centers, they are especially active as timachann—small-time vendors—who sell food, dry goods, and other imported items. The poorer women of Haiti are the ones most overtly visible to the West, often represented by the iconic image of a black woman with a basket on her head, or the vendor seated at a street corner.
But how much did anyone in the United States think about Haiti and its women before 4:53 p.m. on January 12, 2010? That’s when the earthquake put Haiti back under a global media gaze that exposed its extreme poverty and gender inequity. Although on that day, recalls Louis Marie Mireille, “we worked just like the men, pulling bodies out from under rubble, helping each other out.” Mireille is a representative of the aptly named Organization of Women Fighting to Combat Misery.
At least three hundred thousand people lost their lives, and according to recent UN reports the majority were women. From what I observed on my visit, women also comprise a greater percentage of the 1.5 million homeless who now occupy the more than eight hundred encampments that have sprung up around the country.
In the camps, living in makeshift tents made of deteriorating tarps and cardboard, an overwhelming number of families have had a member—including children—go an entire day without eating. Unstable Foundations, an October survey by anthropologist Mark Schuller, showed that 44 percent of families drank untreated water, and 27 percent had to defecate in a container. Seventy-eight percent of families are without enclosed shelters; many suffer from untended health problems.
Education—a constitutional right in Haiti that has historically eluded the poor, especially women and girls—also remains lacking. Only one in five camps offers education on site, which violates the UN’s guiding principles for internally displaced individuals.
Back in 1994, former Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide had taken a step to upgrade women’s position in the country by creating the Ministry on the Status and Rights of Women to lobby for women’s rights in education and the workplace and to be protected from pervasive gender-based violence. Sadly, four of its prominent feminist leaders perished in the quake—Anne Marie Coriolan, Magalie Marcelin, Myriam Merlet, and Myrna Narcisse—as the ministry headquarters was destroyed.
However, new leaders are emerging among the grassroots (such as the women I spoke with) and longtime activists such as Malya Villard and Eramithe Delva—cofounders of KOFAVIV (Commission of Women Victims for Victims), a seven-year-old anti-gender-violence organization that supports victims and advocates for the prosecution of assailants—are suddenly in the spotlight. Unfortunately, grassroots organizations in Haiti often remain obscured by middle- and upper-class women’s groups that have more access to media and decision makers.
Nonetheless, in the displaced-persons camps and the urban slums that preceded them, groups of women continue to work together to share knowledge, form informal security forces, pursue justice for victims, or just gather together in a crochet workshop. Decembre, a frequent participant, said “Sometimes I don’t eat. I don’t sleep so I can crochet because I love it so much.” That group started to meet regularly to combat isolation and idleness and to give vulnerable girls a safe place to congregate and perhaps develop income-generating products.
The issue of security remains a huge challenge for women
