Cuban presence in the region might increase if South Africa’s liberation movements became stronger. The UK and Germany also provided communications surveillance equipment to apartheid South Africa, in spite of a 1977 UN arms embargo on the country, with Germany supplying most of the equipment. GCHQ and the apartheid government resumed a more explicit partnership in the 1980s, sharing intelligence about the activities of the ANC, including intelligence gathered from GCHQ’s listening post in Zambia, where the ANC was headquartered for much of the time it was in exile. GCHQ had superior signals intelligence-gathering capabilities, and thus shared its intelligence on the ANC with South Africa, in return for information on Cuban and Soviet activities in the region.6
ANC INTELLIGENCE IN EXILE
The ANC also established its own intelligence capabilities in exile. According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), there was no evidence presented to it that the ANC’s main rival in exile, the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), had a security division responsible for dealing with suspected dissidents or infiltrators.7 The ANC established defensive intelligence capabilities in 1969, called the Department of National Intelligence and Security, or ‘NAT’ (apparently shorthand for National Security), under the leadership of Moses Mabhida, after the organisation had suffered significant military losses.8 At the time of its establishment and into the 1970s, NAT was small, with no formal structures, and focused mainly on providing security services to the office of the ANC president. But as the apartheid offensive intensified and new recruits flocked to join the ANC in wake of the Soweto uprisings and subsequent crackdowns, the ANC began to recognise that it needed more intelligence capacity. As a result, it established collaborative relationships with Soviet bloc countries – largely the USSR and East Germany – for military and intelligence training. These countries had a vested interest in seeing the collapse of apartheid and colonial domination around the world, given their commitment to proletarian internationalism. The liberation movements, in turn, were extremely grateful for these displays of solidarity, and forged close ties with countries in the Soviet bloc and with the non-aligned movement, which opposed the apartheid regime.
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