in adults]. Z Kardiol 1997; 86 (1): 50–5.
Hehrlein FW, Mulch J, Rautenburg HW, Schlepper M, Scheld HH. Incidence and pathogenesis of late aneurysms after patch graft aortoplasty for coarctation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 92 (2): 226–30.
Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE, Jr., et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Circulation 2010; 121 (13): e266–369.
Ho SY, Anderson RH. Coarctation, tubular hypoplasia, and the ductus arteriosus. Histological study of 35 specimens. Br Heart J 1979; 41: 268–74.
Kappetein AP, Gittenberger de Groot AC, Zwinderman AH, Rohmer J, Poelmann RE, Huysmans HA. The neural crest as a possible pathogenetic factor in coarctation of the aorta and bicuspid aortic valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 102: 830–36.
Karck M, Leyh R, von Kodolitsch Y, Haverich A. Patcherweiterungsplastik bei Aortenisthmusstenose. Gefahr von lokalen Spätaneurysmen. Dtsch Ärztebl 2003; 100: A416–19.
Knyshov GV, Sitar LL, Glagola MD, Atamanyuk MY. Aortic aneurysms at the site of the repair of coarctation of the aorta: a review of 48 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61 (3): 935–9.
Koller M, Rothlin M, Senning A. Coarctation of the aorta: review of 362 operated patients. Long-term follow-up and assessment of prognostic variables. Eur Heart J 1987; 8 (7): 670–9.
Krieger EV, Stout K. The adult with repaired coarctation of the aorta. Heart 2010; 96 (20): 1676–81.
Kron IL, Flanagan TL, Rheuban KS, Carpenter MA, Gutgesell HP, Jr., Blackbourne LH, et al. Incidence and risk of reintervention after coarctation repair. Ann Thorac Surg 1990; 49 (6): 920–5; discussion 25–6.
Lerberg DB, Hardesty RL, Siewers RD, Zuberbuhler JR, Bahnson HT. Coarctation of the aorta in infants and children: 25 years of experience. Ann Thorac Surg 1982; 33 (2): 159–70.
Liberthson RR, Pennington DG, Jacobs ML, Daggett WM. Coarctation of the aorta: review of 234 patients and clarification of management problems. Am J Cardiol 1979; 43 (4): 835–40.
Marek J, Skovranek J, Hucin B, Chaloupecky V, Tax P, Reich O, et al. Seven-year experience of noninvasive preoperative diagnostics in children with congenital heart defects: comprehensive analysis of 2,788 consecutive patients. Cardiology 1995; 86 (6): 488–95.
Maron BJ, Humphries JO, Rowe RD, Mellits ED. Prognosis of surgically corrected coarctation of the aorta. A 20-year postoperative appraisal. Circulation 1973; 47 (1): 119–26.
Moulaert AJ, Bruins CC, Oppenheimer-Dekker A. Anomalies of the aortic arch and ventricular septal defects. Circulation 1976; 53 (6): 1011–15.
Oliver JM, Gallego P, Gonzalez A, Aroca A, Bret M, Mesa JM. Risk factors for aortic complications in adults with coarctation of the aorta. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1641–47.
Parks WJ, Ngo TD, Plauth WH, Jr., Bank ER, Sheppard SK, Pettigrew RI, et al. Incidence of aneurysm formation after Dacron patch aortoplasty repair for coarctation of the aorta: long-term results and assessment utilizing magnetic resonance angiography with three-dimensional surface rendering. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26 (1): 266–71.
Pennington DG, Liberthson RR, Jacobs M, Scully H, Goldblatt A, Dagett WM. Critical review of experience with surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta. J Thorax Cardiovascular Surg 1979; 77: 217–29.
Pinzon JL, Burrows PE, Benson LN, Moes CA, Lightfoot NE, Williams WG, et al. Repair of coarctation of the aorta in children: postoperative morphology. Radiology 1991; 180 (1): 199–203.
Pourmoghadam KK, Velamoor G, Kneebone JM, Patterson K, Jones TK, Lupinetti FM. Changes in protein distribution of the aortic wall following balloon aortoplasty for coarctation. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89 (1): 91–3.
Rheuban KS, Gutgesell HP, Carpenter MA, Jedeikin R, Damman JF, Kron IL, et al. Aortic aneurysm after patch angioplasty for aortic isthmic coarctation in childhood. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58 (1): 178–80.
Rudolph AM, Heymann MA, Spitznas U. Hemodynamic considerations in the development of narrowing of the aorta. Am J Cardiol 1972; 30 (5): 514–25.
Schmaltz AA, Bauer U, Baumgartner H, Cesnjevar R, de Haan F, Franke C, et al. [Medical guideline for the treatment of adults with congenital heart abnormalities of the German-Austrian-Swiss Cardiology Specialty Society]. Clin Res Cardiol 2008; 97 (3): 194–214.
Schmid C, Asfour B. Aortenisthmusstenose. Leitfaden Kinder herzchirurgie. Steinkopff Verlag, Stuttgart, 2009: 155–62.
Singer MI, Rowen M, Dorsey TJ. Transluminal aortic balloon angioplasty for coarctation of the aorta in the newborn. Am Heart J 1982; 103 (1): 131–2.
Sorland SJ, Rostad H, Forfang K, Abyholm G. Coarctation of the aorta. A follow-up study after surgical treatment in infancy and childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand 1980; 69 (1): 113–8.
Sos T, Sniderman KW, Rettek-Sos B, Strupp A, Alonso DR. Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of coarctation of thoracic aorta post mortem. Lancet 1979; 2 (8149): 970–1.
Sperling DR, Dorsey TJ, Rowen M, Gazzaniga AB. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of congenital coarctation of the aorta. Am J Cardiol 1983; 51 (3): 562–4.
Therrien J, Thorne SA, Wright A, Kilner PJ, Somerville J. Repaired coarctation: a “cost-effective” approach to identify complications in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 997–1002.
von Kodolitsch Y, Aydin AM, Bernhardt AM, Habermann C, Treede H, Reichenspurner H, et al. Aortic aneurysms after correction of aortic coarctation: A systematic review. VASA 2010; 39 (1): 3–16.
von Kodolitsch Y, Aydin AM, Koschyk DH, et al. Predictors of aneurysm formation after surgical correction of aortic coarctation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 617–24.
von Kodolitsch Y, Aydin AM, Koschyk DH, Loose R, Schalwat I, Karck M, et al. Predictors of aneurysm formation after surgical correction of aortic coarctation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 617–24.
von Kodolitsch Y, Nienaber CA, Dieckmann C, Schwartz AG, Hofmann T, Brekenfeld C, et al. Chest radiography for the diagnosis of acute aortic syndrome. Am J Med 2004; 116 (2): 73–7.
Vossschulte K. Isthmusplastik zur Behandlung der Aortenisthmusstenose. Thoraxchirurgie 1956/1957; 4: 443.
Waldhausen JA, Nahrwold DL. Repair of coarctation of the aorta with a subclavian flap. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1966; 51: 532–33.
Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines on the management of adults with congenital heart disease). Circulation 2008; 118 (23): e714–833.
2.2 Diseases of the pulmonary arteries
2.2.1 Pulmonary artery embolism
Clinical findings: Edda Spiekerkötter and Thomas Zeller
Anatomy
