Social Torture. Chris Dolan

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The War As People Remember It

       Discussion

       Some Concluding Questions

       4. Reconsidering the LRA–Government Dynamic

       Introduction

       The 1994 Peace Talks

       Discussion

       Conclusions

       5. Protection As Violation

       Introduction

       Part I – Formation and Organisation

       Part II – Subsistence in the Camps

       Problems with Distribution

       Part III – Access to Education

       Part IV – Access to Health Care

       Part V – Access to Protection

       Discussion and Conclusions

       6. Protection As Debilitation

       Introduction

       Physical Debilitation

       Psychological Debilitation

       Cultural Debilitation

       Discussion

       Conclusions

       7. Protection As Humiliation

       Introduction

       The Hegemonic Model of Masculinity

       The Gap between Model and Reality: Inability To Fulfil External and Internalised Expectations

       The Impact of the Emergence of a Hegemonic Model

       Discussion

       Conclusions

       8. Social Torture and the Continuation of War

       Introduction

       Impacts and Methods

       Further Symptoms of Torture

       Actors

       Humanitarian Missions and Mandate

       Failures in Assistance and Protection

       Benefits and Functions

       Justifications for Action and Inaction

       Discussion

       Conclusions

       9. Conclusions

       Social Torture Offers a Counter-Narrative to the Mainstream Discourse

       Greed–Grievance

       Social Torture Goes beyond the Convention Against Torture

       Social Torture Suggests the Need for More Comprehensive Interventions

       Annex A. Testimony of a LRA Soldier who Returned under Amnesty, October 2001. Recorded April 2002, Kampala

       Annex B. An Account of the 1994 Peace Talks

       Bibliography

       Index

      FIGURES

      Maps

       Map 1. Gulu, Kitgum, Nimule Towns, And The ‘Protected Villages’, In Which We Conducted The Majority Of Fieldwork: Atiak Biabia, Acet, Anaka, Awer, Awere, Awac, Cwero, Odek, Pabo, Palaro.

       Map 2. Map of a Yard. The Circle was Indicated Using White Stones.

      Diagrams

       Diagram 1.1. Key Elements in Identifying Torture

       Diagram 5.1. Escalation in Numbers of Internally Displaced inGulu/Kitgum/Pader, 1997–2003

       Diagram 5.2. Organigram Showing Approximate Positions of Government and ‘Traditional’ Authorities

       Diagram 9.1. An Elaborated Model of Social Torture

       Diagram A.9. LRA Organisational Chart for the Year 1999 – 2000

      Tables

       Table 1.1. Key Differences between Individual and Social Torture

       Table 2.1. Number of Reports by Subject Matter over the Six Months July to December 1999, from 10 Protected Villages in Gulu District

       Table 3.1. Incidents that Happened to

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