CHAPTER VIIITHE FIGHT FOR "THE PLACE IN THE SUN"
How Germany really expands--Where her real Colonies are--How she exploits without conquest--What is the difference between
an army and a police force?--The policing of the world--Germany's share of it in the Near East 131-151 [Pg xix]
PART II
THE HUMAN NATURE AND MORALS OF THE CASE
CHAPTER I
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CASE FOR WAR
The non-economic motives of war--Moral and psychological--The importance of these pleas--English, German, and American exponents--The biological plea 155-167
CHAPTER II
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CASE FOR PEACE
The shifting ground of pro-war arguments--The narrowing gulf between the material and moral ideals--The non-rational causes of war--False biological analogies--The real law of man's struggles: struggle with Nature, not with other men--Outline sketch
of man's advance and main operating factor therein--The progress towards elimination of physical force--Co-operation across frontiers and its psychological result--Impossible to fix limits of community--Such limits irresistibly expanding--Break-up of State homogeneity--State limits no longer coinciding with real conflicts between men 168-197
CHAPTER III
UNCHANGING HUMAN NATURE
The progress from cannibalism to Herbert Spencer--The disappearance of religious oppression by Government--Disappearance of the duel--The[Pg xx] Crusaders and the Holy Sepulchre--The wail of militarist writers at man's drift away from militancy
198-221
CHAPTER IV
DO THE WARLIKE NATIONS INHERIT THE EARTH?
The confident dogmatism of militarist writers on this subject--The facts--The lessons of Spanish America--How conquest makes for the survival of the unfit--Spanish method and English method in the New World--The virtues of military training--The Dreyfus case--The threatened Germanization of England--"The war which made Germany great and Germans small" 222-260
CHAPTER V
THE DIMINISHING FACTOR OF PHYSICAL FORCE: PSYCHOLOGICAL RESULTS
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Diminishing factor of physical force--Though diminishing, physical force has always had an important role in human affairs-- What is underlying principle, determining advantageous and disadvantageous use of physical force?--Force that aids co-operation in accord with law of man's advance: force that is exercised for parasitism in conflict with such law and disadvantageous for both parties--Historical process of the abandonment of physical force--The Khan and the London tradesman--Ancient Rome and modern Britain--The sentimental defence of war as the purifier of human life--The facts--The redirection of human pugnacity
261-295
CHAPTER VI
THE STATE AS A PERSON: A FALSE ANALOGY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
[Pg xxi]Why aggression upon a State does not correspond to aggression upon an individual--Our changing conception of collective responsibility--Psychological progress in this connection--Recent growth of factors breaking down the homogeneous personality
of States 296-325
PART III
THE PRACTICAL OUTCOME
CHAPTER I
THE RELATION OF DEFENCE TO AGGRESSION
Necessity for defence arises from the existence of a motive for attack--Platitudes that everyone overlooks--To attenuate the motive for aggression is to undertake a work of defence 329-340
CHAPTER II
ARMAMENT, BUT NOT ALONE ARMAMENT
Not the facts, but men's belief about facts, shapes their conduct--Solving a problem of two factors by ignoring one--The fatal outcome of such a method--The German Navy as a "luxury"--If both sides concentrate on armament alone 341-352
CHAPTER III
IS THE POLITICAL REFORMATION POSSIBLE?
Men are little disposed to listen to reason, "therefore we should not talk reason"--Are men's ideas immutable? 353-367
CHAPTER IV METHODS
[Pg xxii]Relative failure of Hague Conferences and the cause--Public opinion the necessary motive force of national action--That opinion only stable if informed--"Friendship" between nations and its limitations--America's role in the coming "Political Reformation" 368-382
Appendix on Recent Events in Europe 383-406
Index 407-416 [Pg 1]
PART I
THE ECONOMICS OF THE CASE [Pg 2]
[Pg 3] CHAPTER I
STATEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR WAR
Where can the Anglo-German rivalry of armaments end?--Why peace advocacy fails--Why it deserves to fail--The attitude of the peace advocate--The presumption that the prosperity of nations depends upon their political power, and consequent necessity of protection against aggression of other nations who would diminish our power to their advantage--These the universal axioms of international politics.
It is generally admitted that the present rivalry in armaments in Europe--notably such as that now in progress between England and Germany--cannot go on in its present form indefinitely. The net result of each side meeting the efforts of the other with similar efforts is that at the end of a given period the relative position of each is what it was originally, and the enormous sacrifices of both have gone for nothing. If as between England and Germany it is claimed that England is in a position to maintain the lead because she has the money, Germany can retort that she is in a position to maintain the lead because she has the population, which must, in
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the case of a highly organized European nation, in the end mean money. Meanwhile, neither side can yield to the other, as the[Pg 4]
one so doing would, it is felt, be placed at the mercy of the other, a situation which neither will accept.
There are two current solutions which are offered as a means of egress from this impasse. There is that of the smaller party, regarded in both countries for the most part as one of dreamers and doctrinaires, who hope to solve the problem by a resort to general disarmament, or, at least, a limitation of armament by agreement. And there is that of the larger, which is esteemed the
more practical party, of those who are persuaded that the present state of rivalry and recurrent irritation is bound to culminate in an armed conflict, which, by definitely reducing one or other of the parties to a position of manifest inferiority, will settle the thing for at least some time, until after a longer or shorter period a state of relative equilibrium is established, and the whole process will be recommenced da capo.
This second solution is, on the whole, accepted as one of the laws of life: one of the
