in more developed regions. Ferguson, The Ascent of Money, chapter 1; Raymond de Roover, “The Concept of the Just Price: Theory and Economic Policy,” The Journal of Economic History 18.4 (1958): 428; Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, A Source Book for Medieval Economic History (New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1965), 70, 148; David Herlihy, “The Economy of Traditional Europe,” The Journal of Economic History 31.1 (1971): 155, ←19 | 20→162; Martyn Whittock, A Brief History of Life in the Middle Ages (London: Robinson Publishing, 2009), 186; Andrew Cowell, At Play in the Tavern: Signs, Coins, and Bodies in the Middle Ages (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), 60
6.Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy, 170, 180–81, 194–96, 205, 217, 255–257; M. M. Postan, “England,” in Cambridge Economic History of Europe, ed. Poston, 576, 581.
7.Fernand Braudel, The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century, vol. 2, quoted in Shael Herman, Medieval Usury and the Commercialization of Feudal Bonds (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1993), 77; Goetzmann, Money Changes Everything, chap.11.
8.The Chronicles of Melrose, “A.D. 1066,” Ebook, https://archive.org/stream/thechurchhistor104fiskuoft/thechurchhistor104fiskuoft_djvu.txt
9.Morris, A Great and Terrible King, chapters 1 and 6; William Fitzstephen’s description in Dan Jones, The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England (London: Harper Press, 2012), Kindle ed., “Births and Rebirths.”; William of Malmesbury and the Chronicle of Richard of Devizes (late twelfth century), in Borer, The City of London, 76, 89; L. Blanchard, Documents Inédits sur le Commerce de Marseille au Moyen Age, vol. I (Marseille, 1884), 361, in Cave and Coulson, Sourcebook for Medieval Economic History, 99, 112, 144; Postan, Cambridge Economic History of Europe, 553; Britnell, The Commercialisation of English Society, 8.
10.Postan, Cambridge Economic History of Europe, 556, 561, 564; Ivan G. Marcus, “Jews and Christians Imagining the Other in Medieval Europe,” Prooftexts 15.3: 209.
11.Robert C. Stacey, “Jewish Lending and the Medieval English Economy,” in Commercialising Economy: England 1086 to c.1300, ed., R. H. Britnell (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 78–79.
12.Davis, “The Ethics of Arbitrage”; Miri Rubin, Charity and Community in Medieval Cambridge (Cambridge: CUP, 1987), 1, 58–59, 63, 289.
13.Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 34–35, 53; David Hawkes, The Culture of Usury in Renaissance England (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 17; Cave and Coulson, A Source Book for Medieval Economic History, 169.
14.Goetzmann, Money Changes Everything, chap. 4; Odd Langholm, The Aristotelian Analysis of Usury (Bergen: Universitetsforlaget, 1984).
15.Anthony of Padua, “A Sermon for a Bishop” (Palm Sunday Sermons); “Fourth Sunday after Pentecost Sermon,” www.franciscan-sfo.org/…/St.%20Anthony%20of%20Padua-.
16.Hawkes, The Culture of Usury, 65; Charles R. Geisst, Beggar Thy Neighbor (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), chap. 2; Norman Golb, The Jews in Medieval Normandy: A Social and Intellectual History (Cambridge: CUP, 2012), 201; John W. Baldwin, Masters, Princes, and Merchants: The Social Views of Peter the Chanter and His Circle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); Mary ←20 | 21→E. O’Carroll, A Thirteenth-Century Preacher’s Handbook (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1997), 5; Peter Abelard, Letter 130, LPV, I, 32730; The Letters of Peter the Venerable, ed. G. Constable, 2 vols., Harvard Historical Studies, LXXVIII (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967); Little, Religious Poverty, 39.
17.Mirin, Charity and Community, 66.
18.Third Lateran Council, 1179, Papal Encyclicals Online, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum11.htm
19.Innocent III, On Usury: Letter to the French Bishops (1198), Medieval Sourcebook: Innocent III (r.1198–1216): Letters on Papal Policy, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.asp and Innocent III to the bishop of Arras, quoted in Mark Koyama, “Evading the ‘Taint of Usury’: The Usury Prohibition as a Barrier to Entry,” Explorations in Economic History 47.4 (2010): 14.
20.Britnell, The Commercialisation of English Society, 91; Joseph Shatzmiller, Cultural Exchange: Jews, Christians, and Art in the Medieval Market Place (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), 80–81, 91; Jean Dunbabin, Charles of Anjou: Power, Kingship, and State (London and New York: Longman, 2014), Kindle ed., chap. 3; Raymond de Roover, Money, Banking, and Credit in Mediaeval Bruges—Italian Merchant Bankers, Lombards and Money Changers—A Study in the Origins of Banking (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1948), 63; John H. Munro, “The Medieval Origins of the ‘Financial Revolution’: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability,” The International History Review 3.25 (2003): 507, 518, 521; Matthew Paris, English History from the Year 1235 to 1273, trans. J. A. Giles (London: H.G. Bohn, 1852), http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1235cahorsins.asp and also, p. 100, http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106006150517;seq=108;view=1up;num=100; Fourth Lateran Council (1215), Canon 67, http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/344latj.html; Edwin S. Hunt and James M. Murray, A History of Business in Medieval Europe 1200–1550 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 72; Hawkes, The Culture of Usury, 65.
21.Anthony of Padua, “A Sermon for a Bishop” (Palm Sunday Sermons); “Fourth Sunday after Pentecost Sermon,” www.franciscan-sfo.org/…/St.%20Anthony%20of%20Padua-.
22.Britnell, The Commercialisation of English Society, 11, 15, 19; Hunt and Murray, A History of Business in Medieval Europe, 24, 26; Cave and Coulson, A Source Book for Medieval Economic History, 76, 112–13,119, 125, 151.
23.Juliette Sibon, “Peut-on croire en la parole du juif?” in Croire ou ne pas croire, eds., Monique Cottret and Caroline Galland (Paris: Éditions Kimé, 2013), 242.
24.Johannes Fried, The Middle Ages, trans. Peter Lewis (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), Kindle ed., chapters 1 and 2; Geisst, Beggar Thy Neighbor, intro. and chap. 1; Michael Prestwich, Edward
