family never stopped offering encouragement, although they may have begun to believe that the project would never reach its completion, and whether they realized it or not, the regular queries about progress helped to keep me on track. My daughter, Lydia, has been an incomparably enlivening and enlightening companion since the day of her arrival. My husband, Max Christoff, has lived with this project virtually since its inception, listening patiently as I tried to work out innumerable problems and bearing the inevitable ups and downs with alacrity and good humor. It is in gratitude for all this and much more that I dedicate the book to him.
ABBREVIATIONS
Throughout this book’s footnotes and bibliography, the abbreviations used for the names of ancient authors and the titles of their works are in general those shown in the frontmatter list in Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition (OCD3: Oxford, 2003), supplemented where necessary by the corresponding list in Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, eds., A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th edition (abbreviated LSJ: Oxford, 1996). Abbreviations used for the titles of modern works of scholarship or reference, or both, and for the titles of scholarly periodicals, are in general those given by L’Année philologique. Apart from these, the abbreviations listed below are used in this book.
| AAA | Aρχαιολογικά Aνάλεκτα εξ Aθηνών |
| ANM | National Archaeological Museum, Athens, inventory |
| ANS | American Numismatic Society |
| ArchZeit | Archaeologische Zeitung |
| Arist. Frag.Var. | Aristotle, Fragmenta Varia |
| Barr. | Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, edited by R.J.A. Talbert (Princeton, 2000) |
| BE | Bulletin épigraphique, published annually in Revue des études grecques |
| BMC Peloponnese | Percy Gardner, Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum: Peloponnese (London, 1887) |
| BNJ | Brill’s New Jacoby, edited by Ian Worthington (Leiden, 2006) |
| BNP | Brills New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, edited by Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, and Christine F. Salazar. 15 vols. (Leiden, 2006) |
| CID | Corpus des inscriptions de Delphes (Paris, 1977–2002) |
| comm. | commentary |
| ed.pr. | editio princeps |
| FDelph | Fouilles de Delphes (Paris, 1902–2003) |
| fr., frr. | fragment, fragments |
| IGCH | Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, edited by Margaret Thompson, Otto Mørkholm, and Colin M. Kraay (New York, 1973) |
| IPArk | Gerhard Thür and Hans Taeuber, Prozessrechtliche Inschriften der griechischen Poleis: Arkadien (Vienna, 1994) |
| ISE | Luigi Moretti, Iscrizioni storiche ellenistiche (Florence, 1967–2003) |
| IThesp | Paul Roesch, Les inscriptions de Thespies, edited by Gilbert Argoud, Albert Schachter, and Guy Vottéro (Lyon, 2007). (http://www.hisoma.mom.fr/thespies.html) |
| Milet I.3 | Georg Kawerau and Albert Rehm, Das Delphinion in Milet. Volume 3 of Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen seit dem Jahre 1899 (Berlin, 1914) |
| Milet VI.1 | Albert Rehm, Inschriften von Milet, Teil 1: Inschriften n. 187–406 (Nachdruck aus den Bänden I.5–II.3), with contributions by Hermann Dessau and Peter Herrmann (Berlin, 1997) |
| ML | Russell Meiggs and David M. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century B.C. Revised edition (Oxford, 1988) |
| NCIG | Institut Fernand-Courby, Nouveau choix d’inscriptions grecques (Paris, 2005) |
| RO | Peter J. Rhodes and Robin Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404–323 (Oxford, 2003) |
| Σ | scholia |
| SNG Cop. | Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum (Copenhagen, 1942–79) |
| SNG Delep. | Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: France, Bibliothèque nationale, Cabinet des médailles, Collection Jean et Marie Delepierre (Paris, 1983–) |
| Staatsverträge | Herrmann Bengston and Hatto H. Schmitt, Die Staatsverträge des Altertums (Munich, 1960–69) |
MAPS
Full-color, high-quality versions of these maps may be downloaded from the book’s permanent website: http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520272507.
MAP 1. Mainland Greece and the Peloponnese in the classical and Hellenistic periods.
MAP 2. Boiotia in the classical and Hellenistic periods.
MAP 3. Achaia in the classical and Hellenistic periods.
MAP 4. Aitolia in the classical and Hellenistic periods.
MAP 5. Aitolian population groups in the classical period.
MAP 6. Resource complementarity in preindustrial modern eastern Aitolia, circa 1821–1940.
MAP 7. Market networks of preindustrial modern Aitolia, circa 1821–1940.
MAP 8. The Boiotian districts circa 395 BCE.
MAP 9. The Boiotian districts circa 287–171BCE.
Introduction
Federal political structures, characterized by a division of sovereignty among multiple levels of government, have proved tremendously attractive in early modern and modern history for two basic reasons. First, their careful distribution of power gives them tremendous advantages for the governance of extremely large territories with disparate resources and highly localized economies; for this reason federalism has allowed the United States, Canada, and Australia to function successfully as single states.1 Second, and more recently, the preservation of political entities below the national level has made them appealing to multiethnic states such as India, Belgium, and Spain; the ability to foster political cooperation and deliver public goods while nevertheless protecting the character, interests, and independence of different ethnic communities makes federalism a promising option for multiethnic states in transition.2 And while federalism tends to be understood as a phenomenon of the modern world, it is widely recognized as having its origins in Greek antiquity.
Here, by the late fourth century, close to half the poleis of mainland Greece and the Peloponnese had become part of
