for conservation.Literature Cited
Alongi, D.M. 1991. The role of intertidal mudbanks in the diagenesis and export of dissolved and particulate materials from the Fly Delta, Papua New Guinea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 149: 81–107.
Alongi, D.M. 2002. Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environ Conserv 29: 331–349.
Alongi, D.M. 2007. The Dynamics of Tropical Mangrove Forests. Springer.
Alongi, D.M., P. Christoffersen, and F. Tirendi. 1993. The influence of forest type on microbial-nutrient relationships in tropical mangrove sediments. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 171: 201–223.
Alongi, D.M., P. Christoffersen, F. Tirendi, and A.I. Robertson. 1992. The influence of freshwater and material export on sedimentary facies and benthic processes within the Fly Delta and adjacent Gulf of Papua (Papua New Guinea). Cont Shelf Res 12: 287–326.
Alongi, D.M., and P. Dixon. 2000. Mangrove primary production and above-and below-ground biomass in Sawi Bay, southern Thailand. Phuket Biol Cent Spec Publ 22: 31–38. Alongi, D.M., and A.I. Robertson. 1995. Factors regulating benthic food chains in tropical river deltas and adjacent shelf areas. Geo-Mar Lett 15: 145–152.
Alongi, D.M., F. Tirendi, and B.F. Clough. 2000. Below-ground decomposition of organic matter in forests of the mangroves Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina along the arid coast of Western Australia. Aq Bot 68: 97–122.
Amarasinghe, M.D., and S. Balasubramaniam. 1992. Net primary productivity of two mangrove forest stands on the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka. Hydrobiologia 247: 37–47.
Arentz, F. 1988. Stand-level dieback etiology and its consequences in the forests of Papua New Guinea. GeoJournal 17: 209–215.
Atmadja, W.S., and Soerojo. 1991. Structure and potential net primary production of mangrove forests at Grajagan and Ujung Kulon, Indonesia. Pp. 441–451 in Alcala, A.C. (ed.) Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Living Resources in Coastal Areas. ASEAN-Australia Cooperative Program in Marine Sciences, Manila and Townsville.
Barham, A.J. 1999. The local environmental impact of prehistoric populations on Saibai Island, northern Torres Strait, Australia: enigmatic evidence from Holocene swamp lithostratigraphic records. Quatern Inter 59: 71–105.
Barnes, B.V., D.R. Zak, S.R. Denton, and S.H. Spurr. 1998. Forest Ecology, 5th ed. Wiley, New York.
Bayly, I.A.E. 1980. A preliminary report on the zooplankton of the Purari Estuary. Pp. 7–23 in Petr, T. (ed.) Aquatic Ecology of the Purari River Catchment. Purari River (Wabo) Hydroelectric Scheme, Environmental Studies Vol. 11. Office Environmental Conservation, Waigani, Papua New Guinea.
Bird, M.I., G.J. Brunskill, and A.R. Chivas. 1995. Carbon-isotope composition of sediments from the Gulf of Papua. Geo-Mar Lett 15: 153–159.
Boto, K.G., J.S. Bunt, and J.T. Wellington. 1984. Variations in mangrove forest productivity in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Estuar, Coast Shelf Sci 19: 321–329.
Bouillon, S., N. Koedam, A.V. Raman, and F. Dehairs. 2002. Primary producers sustaining macroinvertebrate communities in intertidal mangrove forests. Oecologia 130: 441–448.
Brass, L.J. 1938. Botanical results of the Archbold Expedition, IX. Notes on the vegetation of the Fly and Wassi Kussa Rivers, British New Guinea. J Arnold Arboret 19: 174–190.
Brotoisworo, E. 1991. Problems of enclosed coastal seas development: the Bintuni case, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull 23: 431–435.
Bruce, N.L., 1995. Range extension of the mangrove-dwelling isopod Genus Ceratolana Bowman (Cirolanidae). Crustaceana 68: 123–125.
Budiman, A.1991. Penelaahan beberapa gatra ekologi moluska bakau Indonesia. Ph.D. diss., University of Indonesia.
Bunt, J.S. 1995. Continental-scale patterns in mangrove litter fall. Hydrobiologia 295: 135–140.
Bunt, J.S., K.G. Boto, and G. Boto. 1979. A survey method of estimating potential levels of mangrove forest primary production. Mar Biol 52: 123–128.
Clough, B.F. 1997. Mangrove ecosystems. Pp. 119–196 in English, S., C. Wilkinson, and V. Baker (eds.) Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources, 2nd edition. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.
Clough, B.F. 1998. Mangrove forest productivity and biomass accumulation in Hinchin-brook Channel, Australia. Mangr Salt Marsh 2: 191–198.
Clough, B.F., J.E Ong, and W.K Gong. 1997. Estimating leaf area index and photo-synthetic production in canopies of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 159: 285–292.
Clough, B.F., and R.G. Sim. 1989. Changes in gas exchange characteristics and water-use efficiency of mangroves in response to salinity and vapour pressure deficit. Oecologia 79: 38–44.
Cook, L.M., J.D. Currey, and V.H. Sarsam. 1985. Differences in morphology in relation to microhabitat in littorinid species from a mangrove in Papua New Guinea (Mollusca: Gastropoda). J Zool 206: 297–310.
Coppejans, E., and A. Meinesz. 1988. Marine algae of Papua New Guinea (Madang Prov.) I. Caulerpaceae (Chlorophyta-Caulerpales). Blumea 33: 186–196.
Coulter, S.C., C.M. Duarte, M.S. Tuan, N.H. Tri, H.T. Ha, L.H. Giang, and P.N. Hong. 2001. Retrospective estimates of net leaf production in Kandelia candel mangrove forests. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 221: 117–124.
Cragg, S.M. 1983. The mangrove ecosystem of the Purari Delta. Pp. 295–324 in Petr, T. (ed.) The Purari-Tropical Environment of a High Rainfall River Basin. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.
Cragg, S.M. 1987. Papua New Guinea. Pp. 299–309 in Umali, R.M. (ed.) Mangroves of Asia and the Pacific: Status and Management. JMC Press, Quezon City, Philippines.
Cragg, S.M., and J. Aruga. 1987. Intertidal and subtidal wood boring faunas from the Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea. Advances in Aq Biol Fish 1: 263–274.
Dalzell, P., T.J.H. Adams, and N.V.C. Polunin. 1996. Coastal fisheries in the Pacific Islands. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 34: 395–531.
Dalzell, P., and D. Pauly. 1989. Assessment of the fish resources of southeast Asia, with emphasis on the Banda and Arafura Seas. Neth J Sea Res 24: 641–650.
Darsidi, A. 1984. Pengeloloaan hutan mangrove di Indonesia. Pp. 19–26 in Soemodihardjo, S. (ed.) Prosiding Seminar II Ekosistem Mangrove. LIPI, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Dennis, D.M., C.R. Pitcher, J.H. Prescott, and T.D. Skewes. 1992. Severe mortality in a breeding population of ornate rock lobster Panulirus ornatus (Fabricius) at Yule Island, Papua New Guinea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 162: 143–158.
Duarte, C.M., U. Thampanya, J. Terrados, O. Geertz-Hansen, and M.D. Fortes. 1999. The determination of the age and growth of SE Asian mangrove seedlings from internodal counts. Mangr Salt Marsh 3: 251–257.
Duke, N.C. 1991. A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia. Aust Syst Bot 4: 299–324.
Duke, N.C. 1992. Mangrove floristics and biogeography. Pp. 63–100 in Robertson, A.I., and D.M. Alongi (eds.) Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
Duke,
