at higher altitudes, trees become increasingly stunted in height and epiphytes, which include many orchid species, become more common. At the highest altitudes, the trees look gnarled and stunted and there is an abundance of moss and lichens growing both on the ground and on the vegetation itself.
Eventually, these montane forests give way to a sub-alpine vegetation with even smaller trees and epiphytic lichens, but very few orchid species. Some alpine plant species are equipped with woolly hairs on their leaves which are thought to protect them against high temperatures during the day, low temperatures at night, and the intense ultraviolet radiation that is the result of the thinner atmosphere at high altitudes.
Tree ferns
Tree ferns, mainly Cyathea spp., are a common feature of montane forests, particularly lower montane forest. The delicate architectonics of their fronds and the geometric regularities of the diamond-shaped leaf bases which constitute their trunk, make them pleasing to the eye.
The tree fern is a very ancient plant type, being a latter-day representative of the great forests of tree ferns which once dominated the world's surface during the Carboniferous period some 30 0 million years ago. They are very slow growers, putting on 1 metre only every 15 years or so.
Roadside Monkeys
Monkeys are a common sight at the side of the road in the mountains of Bali. They are usually the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), who typically travel in groups of 20-30 individuals, consisting of 2-4 adult males and 6-11 adult females, the rest being juvenile or adolescent members of the tribe.
The males are considerably heavier in build and larger in stature than the females, weighing between 5 and 7 kilograms. Macaca fascicularis are also found in coastal areas, especially mangrove forests, where they dine on crab, hence their alternative title of crab-eating macaque.
Casuarina
Casuarina junghuhniana is a conspicuous pioneer species on Balinese mountain sides. Like other pioneers, it only grows in extremely light conditions— Casuarina equisetifolia favours seashore locations—while its seeds will only germinate on bare soil and not within a forest environment. Unusually for a pioneer, Casuarina is long-lived and can grow to considerable heights of up to 45 metres.
Although the Casuarina looks like a pine tree, with cone-like fruit and long feathery branches radiating from a single stem or trunk, its appearance is misleading. Whereas in the case of pine trees, the leaves are compressed into long needle-like cylinders, Casuarina 'needles' are actually slender twigs, the leaves themselves being reduced to
minute, scale-like protuberances. In both instances, these modifications serve the same purpose, namely to reduce water loss through evaporation to an absolute minimum, which is a useful design feature in exposed situations with poor soils.
Like conifers, the Casuarina also drops its leaves in great profusion, and beneath its branches a dry tinder-bed of needles gathers, which readily ignites when occasional fires occur. The thick bark, however, is extremely fire-resistant and mature trees can withstand falls of hot ash during volcanic eruptions to sprout again when the cataclysm has passed. Often Casuarina will be the only tree for miles around, but it is also found in mixed montane forests.
CULTIVATED MOUNTAIN PLANTS
Cloves
Cloves are the unopened bud of Syzgium aromaticum, a member of the myrtle family, which are picked by hand and dried in the sun. Although a popular spice in Indian and even Western cuisines, cloves do not play an important part in Indonesian culinary traditions. Instead, their principal use is in the manufacture of clove cigarettes, or kretek, and as an analgesic agent-a little oil of cloves rubbed on the gums helps relieve toothache.
Coffee
The coffee plant is native to tropical Africa and was first introduced to Bali in the 1750s. There are two principal varieties-arabica and robusta-and both are grown in Bali. Arabica is more popular worldwide, but robusta is the preferred variety in Bali. The fragrant white flowers appear in April, but remain dormant for the next five or six months until the first rains of the southwest monsoon fall in September or October. The fruit, when it ripens, turns into red berries the size of small grapes, and is harvested at the beginning of the following year.
Cocoa
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