a woman beyond slavery to man's wishes; and you sanctioned my confirmation of the "metonymy of desire," the autonomy of woman, the equal of man, but different. To the love of the ever-expanding freedom that you expressed · in your life and writings, I dedicate this book.
—MULK RAJ ANAND
Good looks, good qualities, youth, and grace are the chief and most natural means of making a person agreeable in the eyes of others. But in the absence of these a man or a woman should have resort to artificial means, to art.
—VATSYAYANA
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1. THE BRIDE |
Thy well-combed hair, thy splendid eyes with their arches curved almost to thine ear, thy rows of teeth entirely pure and regular, thy breasts adorned with beautiful flowers. . . .
Thy body anointed with saffron and thy waist belt that puts the swans to shame.
Moon-faced, elephant-hipped, serpent-necked, antelope footed, swan-waisted, lotus-eyed.
—ANONYMOUS
LIKE EVERYTHING else the ideal of female beauty has been defined in India in charming aphorisms and poems.
The myth that unfolds the story of creation-about how woman came to be-is more decorative still. Man was first created and woman next. And Brahma, the creator, fashioned the feminine form better than the masculine. As for the process of creation itself, Brahma had finished making man and came to the molding of woman. He discovered to his consternation that he had exhausted all the solid materials. Whether that happened by accident or design is not known, but it is well that it was so, for what use would solid man have had for a solid woman?
Brahma, however, was very resourceful. He took the curve of the creepers outside his house, and gave woman her gracefulness of poise and carriage. Her breasts he modeled on the round moon, endowing them with the softness of the parrot's bosom. To her eyes he gave the glance of the deer. On her complexion he imprinted the lightness of the spring leaves. He shaped her arms with the tapering finish of the elephant's trunk. Into her general make-up went the indescribably tender clinging of the tendrils, the trembling of the grass, the slenderness of the reeds. Then he swathed her whole form with the sweetness of honey and the fragrance of choru flowers. Her lips he treated with the essence of ambrosial nectar.
(Motiram in Rasa Raj)
The actual life of woman in India has been less than the metaphorical ideal and more sordid.
The old mud house in the village lies behind the gnarled trees of a grove, shrinking from a too-living sun, seemingly the same today as yesterday and a thousand years ago. Strange growths oppress its riven sills, and across its carved wooden doors a spider weaves its web. Beyond the tall porch of the hall, beyond the men's room, across the huge, sunlit courtyard, shadowed by a veranda with pointed arches, supported by wooden pillars, stand the women's apartments, curtained off from the rest of the house by strips of coarse sackcloth and hiding dusky forms that glide to and fro, swathed in fine homespuns. The floors sag under the fall of heavy, unshod feet. The walls and ceilings enclose here the mute prayer of a lady, spent and wrinkled, there the steady droning of the churning wheel and the babble of many young voices.
2. Bride being led to her lover. Kangra, c. 1800.
Somewhere in the dark chambers is heard the wailing chant of a young bride. She is beautiful or she is plain, but she has made the best of those gifts that life has bestowed on her, through sringar, or simple toilette, the rules of which have come down as habit from generation to generation. She does this sringar because it is part of a ritual that almost every woman practices. As a girl she was not allowed to embellish her charms overmuch. And, consequently, there is a certain self-consciousness in her attempt to adorn herself, a self-consciousness accentuated by her desire to shine. Also inhibiting her is the fear of a mother-in-law only too insistent on the demands of duty and responsibility, a woman who dictates rules of conduct about everything-about beauty and love and marriage, about all the inflated ideals of womanhood in India.
Endless were the considerations that governed her marriage: religious, social, philosophical, and astrological. All the ingenuity of priests exercised itself in discovering a man whose horoscope revealed potentialities that tallied with the scroll of the young girl's fate. Worldliness could not have exerted itself more than in her parents' choice of the bridegroom.
For months, preparations for the marriage had been going on. At length the day arrived when the sacred ceremony was to be performed. From early dawn, throughout the morning and afternoon, the ritual of the bride's toilette proceeded with slow, deliberate care, in the interminable details of the process of adornment: the ablutions in medicated waters; the anointment of the body with scented oils, cosmetics, and unguents; the plaiting of the hair and the weaving of it into patterns, decking it with ornaments of gold and flowers; the adorning of the parting of the hair with oxide of lead (sindhur); the rubbing of various creams on the face, and the use of powders compounded of scented ingredients; the imprinting of marks on the forehead; the painting of moles on the chin; the application of collyrium (tutiya) to the eyes; the tinting of hands and feet with henna; and the last little touches of perfume.
3. Swayamvara, detail. Pahari, late 18th century.
After the performance of intricate ceremonies to the rhythms of holy chants, this doll-like creature enters the home of her mother-in-law. There, life unfolds some of its implications to her. She seeks the beauty and ecstasy of union and realizes its difficulties and despairs. But, gradually, she accepts the daily round, giving forth sons, as was expected of her, until in her own turn she becomes a mother-in-law.
Obviously, woman in India has sometimes been exalted as a goddess, but mostly she has been pampered as a plaything or kept down and oppressed.
Love, in the form of the romantic impulse, so dominant a feature of the classical age, has become taboo to her except in rare cases; the only form of "love" recognized as valid traditionally has been the union of the sexes to beget a child-the duty to the unborn, to the inheritor of the traditions of the race, the ties of fatherhood and motherhood.
Indeed, the Brahmins have succeeded in exterminating the primordial instinct for emotive love in the married life of men and women.
From this reduction of the wife to the status of a slave, bound and fecund for the service of the hearth, the courtesan benefited greatly, as in the Greece of the 4th century and in the Rome of the Empire. For, as the wife was merely the servant, the courtesan was the ideal of romance. Fortunately, however, the Indian courtesan since remote antiguity has borne little resemblance to the modern street woman, a fallen creature and outcast. On the contrary, the courtesan was the custodian of music and dance and
