The Irish Civil War. Seán Enright
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THE IRISH CIVIL WAR
For Ethan, Isabel, Duncan and Marguerite
Seán Enright was called to the Bar at Middle Temple in 1982 and at the Four Courts in 1993. He practised at the Bar in London for many years and is now a Circuit Judge. He is the author of The Trial of Civilians by Military Courts: Ireland 1921 (Irish Academic Press, 2012) and Easter Rising 1916: The Trials (Merrion Press, 2014) and After the Rising: Soldiers, Lawyers and Trials of the Irish Revolution (Merrion Press, 2016).
THE IRISH CIVIL WAR
LAW, EXECUTION AND ATROCITY
Seán Enright
First published in 2019 by
Merrion Press
An imprint of Irish Academic Press
10 George’s Street
Newbridge
Co. Kildare
Ireland
© Seán Enright, 2019
9781785372537 (Paper)
9781785372544 (Kindle)
9781785372551 (Epub)
9781785372568 (PDF)
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
An entry can be found on request
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
An entry can be found on request
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved alone, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
Typeset in Minion Pro 11/14 pt
Cover front: Richard Mulcahy (left) and Chief of Staff Sean Mac Mahon (right) inspecting the new national army, autumn 1922. (Courtesy of IMA)
Cover back: National army troops fighting near Nelson’s Pillar, June 1922. (Courtesy of NLI)
Contents
Key Events and Main Protagonists
Chapter 3. The Origins of the Execution Policy
Chapter 4. Military Courts and the First Executions
Chapter 6. Spooner, Farrelly, Murphy and Mallin
Chapter 7. The Creation of the Irish Free State and the Mountjoy Executions
Chapter 8. Trial by Army Committee
Chapter 9. The Rathbride Prisoners
Chapter 10. The Leixlip Prisoners
Chapter 11. Christmas and New Year
Chapter 12. January
Chapter 13. The Pause in the Executions: February to 13 March
Chapter 14. The Kerry Landmine Massacres and the Resumption of Executions
Chapter 15. April
Chapter 16. Summer and Autumn of 1923
Chapter 17. Postscript
Note on Sources
Select Bibliography
Endnotes
Index
Acknowledgements
I acknowledge the patience and support of my wife Lorna. Also, the Master and Fellows of Sidney Sussex where I was a visiting scholar: the facilities and library of the College made this book possible. In particular, I acknowledge the encouragement of Professor Eugenio Biagini.
I also acknowledge and thank Hugh Beckett of the Irish Military Archives and the kind assistance of the staff at the National Library of Ireland, the National Archives of Ireland and the United Kingdom and the library staff at Stamford, Middle Temple and the British Library. Also, a special thank you to Aoife Torpey at Kilmainham Gaol Museum for generous assistance with photographs.
My thanks also to Tom and Aideen Carroll for on-the-spot help in Dublin; Tim Horgan for a tour of the cliffs overlooking the Clashmealcon caves in Kerry and help with Ballyseedy; and Stephen Kelleghan for help with Cahersiveen. Also help from Seán Hogan (Tipperary), Fr J.J. Ó Ríordáin from Kiskeam and Michael Byrne of the Offaly Historical and Archaeological Society in respect of the executions of Cunningham, Kelly and Conroy. My thanks to Ian Kenneally (Athlone) in respect of Tony Lawlor and Tom Toomey from County Limerick. Pat McCarthy in Waterford for help with the executions of Fitzgerald and O’Reilly and Kieran Glennon in respect of the Drumboe executions. A special mention for John Dorney who gave assistance in respect of James O’Rourke, Grealy and Burke. To Maura O’Cronin and Dr John Cunningham from NUI Galway, Meda Ryan from west Cork and Peter Beirne of Clare County Library in respect of the Ennis executions. Also, Tommy Mahony from Kerry, Eoin Walsh in Kilkenny and Ellen D. Murphy for help generously given. A big thank you also to Amelia O’Connor, Davide Corbino, Charles Falk, Christian Jowett and Al Smith.
I acknowledge permission to use photographs given by the Irish Military Archives, National Library of Ireland and Kilmainham Gaol Museum.
Mistakes and omissions are my responsibility.
Key Events and Main Protagonists
The