Failures
5.Life Cycle Aspects of Risks in Process Plants
5.1Design Quality
5.2Risks During Construction
5.3The Pre-Commissioning and Commissioning Phases
5.4Planning of Maintenance Work
5.5The Operational Phase
5.6Modifications to Plant and Change Control
5.7Maintenance Costs
5.8End of Life Activities
5.9Chapter Summary
6.Process Plant Shutdowns
6.1Factors Affecting Operating Run Lengths
6.2Risks Related to Planned Shutdowns
6.3Planning
6.4Safety and Environmental Hazards
6.5Work Scope and Associated Risks
6.6Quality
6.7Organization
6.8Execution
6.9Specialized Equipment Overhauls
6.10Cost Control
6.11Communication
6.12Contractors
6.13Shutdown Reports
6.14Post-Shutdown Review
6.15Chapter Summary
7.Facets of Risk
7.1Understanding Risk
7.2Descriptive or Qualitative Risk
7.3Factors Influencing Decision-Making
7.4The Quantitative Aspect of Risk
7.5Risk Management Standards
7.6Chapter Summary
8.The Escalation of Events
8.1Learning from Disasters
8.2Hindsight is 20-20 Vision
8.3Foresight—Can We Improve It?
8.4Event Escalation Model
8.5Damage Limitation Model
8.6Failure of Barriers
8.7Event Escalation Relationship
8.8Evaluating Test Frequencies
8.9Incipiency Period
8.10Chapter Summary
9.Maintenance
9.1Maintenance at the Activity Level—An Explanation of Terminology
9.2The Raison D’être of Maintenance
9.3The Continuous Improvement Cycle
9.4System Effectiveness and Maintenance
9.5Chapter Summary
Appendix 9.1
10.Risk Reduction
10.1Frequency or Severity?
10.2Reliability Block Diagrams and Mathematical Modeling
10.3Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
10.4Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
10.5Root Cause Analysis (RCA)
10.6Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)
10.7Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)
10.8Risk Based Inspection (RBI)
10.9Instrumented Protective Function (IPF)
10.10Compliance and Risk
10.11Reducing Perceived Risks
10.12Chapter Summary
11.Information for Decision Making
11.1Work and the Generation of Data
11.2The Collection of Quantitative Data
11.3The Collection of Maintenance Data
11.4The Collection of Qualitative Data
11.5Errors in Data Collection
11.6Fixed Format Data Collection
11.7Obtaining Information from Data
11.8Decision Support
11.9Procedures
11.10Business Process Management
11.11Chapter Summary
Appendix 11-1
12.The Reliability Improvement Process (TRIP)
12.1The Asset Register
12.2Human Reliability
12.3Getting the Basics Right (GTBR)
12.4Failure Elimination
12.5Planning
12.6Scheduling
