other pneumatic systems. After these vessels began to explode without warning, the manufacturer implemented a program to replace them.
•By now, you may be aware that several important elements of the design of the twin towers in New York were such that they jeopardized the integrity of the buildings’ structure in unusual situations.
•It is unusual but not unheard of for a bridge to collapse. In 2007 the I-35W bridge spanning the Mississippi river in Minneapolis collapsed. The NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) reported that a flaw in the design combined with unusual loading at the time of the collapse contributed to the failure.
In each of these examples, the basic integrity of the system was taken for granted. Viewed purely from the ability of those systems to perform their intended function, they experienced reliability (as well as integrity) failures. From these examples we can see that integrity is a critical element of reliability.
Despite the counter-examples described above, many design processes contain elements that adequately address the integrity-related issues that ensure the safety and functionality of the system being designed. When these elements are adequately addressed, they are accompanied by a measure of reliability that goes hand-in-hand with the integrity.
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