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Chapter One
Physical, Biological and
Human Background
GEOLOGY
Geological History
The geology of an area and its geological history are the major determinants of the soils, plants and animals that occur there. For this reason a brief account is given below concerning the physical conditions and history of Sulawesi.
About 250 Ma1 ago the earth comprised of two great continents: Laurasi-comprising present-day North America, Europe and much of Asia and Gondwanaland-comprising present-day South America, Africa, India, Australia, Antarctica and the remainder of Asia. Until the last few years the once widely accepted view of the geological history of Indonesia and surrounding regions was that the western half (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and western Sulawesi) had been part of Laurasia, separated until recently from the eastern half (eastern Sulawesi, Timor, Seram, Buru, etc.), which had been part of Gondwanaland, by the broad Tethys Ocean.
This picture has had to change in the light of recent geological and palaeontological evidence. The current view, not without its critics however, is that southern Tibet, Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra were once part of Gondwanaland and rifted from the northern Australia-New Guinea continental margin some 200 Ma ago. This continental fragment then formed a dissected land connection between Australia and Asia and may have carried with it an evolving higher-plant flora (Audley-Charles 1987). Western Sulawesi together with Sumatra, Borneo, and land that would later form the islands of the Banda Arc2 are considered to have separated from Gondwanaland in the middle Jurassic (Audley-Charles 1983). Australia broke away from Antarctica much later, perhaps in the early Cretaceous (90 Ma), and Australia, New Guinea, and east Sulawesi proceeded to travel northwards at about 10 cm per year. At least part of eastern Sulawesi probably separated from New Guinea before its mid-Miocene collision with western Sulawesi after which the eastern half began to emerge as an island (Audley-Charles 1987) (fig. 1.1; table 1.1).
