on it by virtue of inadequate protection, and this is one of the major causes for the discrepancies; there is clearly a difference between Forestry land and forested land. In any case, the percentage of land under some form of legal protection in Sulawesi is less than the percentage on hilly and mountainous slopes which for soil conservation reasons alone should be protected. Estate crops are not allowed on suitable slopes over 25% but some of the steep land has been deforested by second-stage shifting agriculturalists who have, for various reasons, abandoned the traditional or first-stage swidden agriculture practices (p. 570). This land clearly requires legal and enforced protection.
After Suwardjo et al. 1985
Areas with high agricultural potential have clearly been utilized more than areas with low agricultural potential. Thus, nearly all of wet lowland forest on volcanic soils has been felled compared with only 10% of similar forest on ultrabasic soils (table 1.23). Unfortunately none of the remaining wet lowland forest is within either existing or approved nature reserves. This habitat together with wet lowland forest on limestone, dry lowland forest on limestone, freshwater swamp and peatswamp forest are the habitats with the highest priority for conservation on Sulawesi.
The provinces differ strikingly in their geology (p. 5) and so the distribution of habitats between them, and the representation of those habitats within reserves, differ accordingly (table 1.24).
Sulawesi has five National Parks: Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (formerly Dumoga-Bone) (300,000 ha), Lore Lindu (231,000 ha), Bunaken-Manado Tua Marine National Park, Taka Bone Rate National Park and Rawa Aopa-Watumohae National Park. Lore Lindu has also been chosen as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in recognition of its biological, physical and cultural interest. Biosphere Reserves are areas with a protected core surrounded by utilized buffer zones, managed by a body having institutionalized relationships with the surrounding land and people, centres for management-related research, education and training, and having links with national and international monitoring schemes. Other conservation areas and the areas in Sulawesi under the control of the Directorate-General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation include Nature Reserves (totalling 322,731 ha on Sulawesi), Wildlife Refuges (144,788 ha), Tourist Parks (97,000 ha), Hunting Parks (22,000 ha), and Marine Parks (none yet declared). Protection Forests (3,867,000 ha) are under the control of the Forestry Department but are also, in theory, a type of conservation forest. The regulations in force or proposed for the different categories of protected areas are shown in table 1.25.
* - areas in million ha; provincial areas given here differ significantly from official government statistics which are quite incompatible with up-to-date provincial maps
From Anon. 1982a. 1984b. 1985a
The conservation areas in the four provinces in 1982 are shown in figures 1.43-46 and are listed with their index of conservation value in table 1.26. Descriptions of these areas, and others which have less or no importance due to exploitation and degradation are described in the Sulawesi volume of the National Conservation Plan (Anon. 1982a).
After Suwardjo et al. 1985
After Anon. 1985c
Based on Anon. 1982a, b
After Anon. 1982
After Anon, 1982b
Figure 1.43. Remaining forest, conservation areas and proposed conservation areas in North Sulawesi. 1 - Tangkoko-Dua Saudara, 2 - Manembo-nembo, 3 - Mt. Soputan, 4 - Mt. Lokon, 5 - Mt. Klabat, 6 - Wiau, 7 - Tamposo-Sinansajang, 8 - Mt. Ambang, 9, 10, 15 - Bogani Nani Wartabone (formerly Dumoga-Bone), 11 - Mt. Simbolang; 12, 13,14 - Marisa Complex, 16 - Mt. Damar, 17 - Labutodoa and Paguyaman Barat, 18 - Karakelang, 19 - Mt. Sahendaruman, 20 - Bunaken-Manado Tua.
From Anon. 1982a
NP - National Park, NR - Nature Reserve, WR - Wildlife Reserve, HR - Hunting Reserve, TP -Tourist Park, PF - Protection Forest, MP - Marine Park, (p) - proposed
After Anon. 1982a
Figure 1.44. Remaining forest, conservation areas, and proposed conservation areas in Southeast Sulawesi. 1 - Napabalano, 2 - Lamedae, 3 - Tanjung Amolenggo, 4 - Mt. Watumohae, 5 - Tirta Rimba, 6 - Buton Utara, 7 - Kayu Kuku, 8 - Rawa Opa, 9 - Polewai, 10 - Tanjung Bati Kolo, 11 - Tanjung Peropa, 12 - Wakouti, 13 - Lasolo Bay, 14 - Wowoni Straits, 15 - Muna Straits, 16 - Lasolo-Sampara, 17 - Tukang Besi Islands.
After Anon. 1982a
Figure 1.45. Remaining forest, conservation areas and proposed conservation areas in South Sulawesi. 1, 2, 7 - Bantimurung and Karanta, 3 - Lampuko-Mampio, 4 - Peruhumpenai Mts., 5 - Lakes Matano/Mahalano, 6 - Lake Towuti, 8 - Lariang, 9 - Mamuju, 10 - Masapu, 11 - Mambuliling, 12 - Rangkong, 13 - Rompi, 14 - Lamikomiko, 15 - Sumarorang, 16 - Samalona Islands, 17 - Lake Tempe, 18 - Torokkapai, 19 - Matanga, 20 - Bulu Saraung, 21 - Palangka, 22 - Bontobahari, 23 - Komara, 24 - Camba River, 25 - Latimojong Mts., 26 - Mt. Lompobatang.
After Anon. 1982a
Figure 1.46. Remaining forest, conservation areas and proposed conservation areas in Central Sulawesi. 1 - Pati-Pati, 2 - Paboya, 3, 6, 12 -Lore Lindu, 4 - Tanjung Api, 5 - Morowali, 7 - Wera waterfall, 8 - Tanjung Matop, 9 - Dolongan Island, 10 - Mt. Dako, 11 - Mt. Sojol, 13 - Peleng waters, 14 - Toli-Toli Mts., 15 - Palu Mts., 16 - Morowali/Balantak Mts., 17 -Bakiriang, 18 - Togan Islands.
