make every effort to preserve the distinctly Japanese orientation of the practice. Origins get lost and are perhaps meaningless in these cases.
New trends are always emerging and older ones morphing into new forms or disappearing altogether. Youth culture in particular is a huge shape-shifting category. Although I wrote about Lolita fashion, anime, and manga there is another trend gaining steady momentum that I reluctantly skipped over. The Yama Gaaru or Mountain Girl movement that has swept across the country has a lively and active group of young women in Kyoto. Into a single genre they combine outdoor sports such as trekking, climbing, and camping with fashion and spirituality. Mountain Girls dedicate themselves to learning outdoor survival skills that involve chainsaws and woodworking in order to build shelters in teams. These young women dress attractively in rustic-chic fashion of the sort found in upscale sports-stores such as Mont Bell. For treks they may use Nordic walking sticks, colorful and well-designed backpacks, and wear nearly weightless and quilted, knee-length wrap-around mountain-skirts. Their destinations are usually not the classic historical sites but instead one of the many designated power spots in the country.
The term “power spot” was first coined in the 1990s by psychic spoon-bending Kiyota Masuaki to refer to places where the earth is believed to emit a great spiritual healing energy. As the trend picked up books began to appear on the subject. Teruo Wakatsuki Yuu came up with seventy-nine such spots after traveling from Hokkaido to Okinawa. Power spot tourism has gained momentum in Japan especially among young people. Several of my female students liked to report on them. Three notable power spots included in many lists are: Mt. Fuji in the Kanto, Yakushima, an island off the southern tip of Kyushu with giant cryptomeria trees (the inspiration for the forest setting in Miyazaki Hayao’s film Princess Mononoke), and Ise Jingu, in Kansai’s Mie prefecture, the Shinto shrine complex dedicated to the ancestress of the Japanese people—the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami—who inhabits a symbolic realm of light, purity, and fertility. One of the features of this recent spiritual trend is that the destinations are not exclusively Japan-centered; power spots have a truly global range. Some Japanese books on the subject may recommend: Mt. Saint Michel in France, Ayers Rock in Australia, the red-rock monoliths of Sedona (Arizona), and the Egyptian pyramids.
Although I have not engaged in power spot tourism per se, I have no doubt discovered powerful spots in Kansai. Mt. Kurama in Kyoto would certainly be one of them. Buried in a mountain valley surrounded by forests is a hot spring with an outdoor bath. In autumn, kites whirl overhead and in winter snow falls softly but the tub is always piping hot. The mountain is also the place where the founder of reiki—Usui Mikao (1865-1926)—came to meditate. A follower of Tendai and later of Shingon Buddhism, Usui received his gift of healing-hands in this mountain in 1914. Though he ultimately left Kansai for Kanto where he opened a clinic in Tokyo to teach his system of reiki, from there his students spread his technique throughout the world. Like so many of Japan’s tangible and intangible gifts to the world, this one, too, originated in Kansai.
When you arrive in Kansai the mountains and oceans will certainly be there to meet you, and in all likelihood the temples too, but many of the places described in this book—restaurants, cafes, and shops—are highly vulnerable to the vicissitudes of time. There may be changes in location, development projects beyond a proprietor’s control, economic vagaries, or other unforeseen events in the decades to come. In spite of changes that may arise, may you always find what you are looking for from this day forward.
Notes
1 Sometimes Fukui, Tokushima, and Tottori are included as a part of Kansai.
References
Foundation for Kansai Region Promotion. Kansai Window. www.kansai.gr.jp/en/index.html
Ishikawa Eisuke. Japan in the Edo Period: An Ecologically Conscious Society (Oedo ekoroji jijo). Kodansha Publishing Co., Tokyo, 2000. http://www.resilience.org/stories/2005-04-05/japans-sustainable-society-edo-period-1603-1867
Maxwell, Catherine. “Japan’s Regional Diversity: Kansai vs. Kanto,” Omusubi No. 3. Sidney, 2005
Russel, Oland. The House of Mitsui. Little Brown and Company, Boston, 1939.
Sofue Takao. Kenminsei no Ningengaku. Chikuma Shobo. Tokyo, 2012.
CHAPTER 1
Gratitude
A Japanese Lesson
When I first came to Japan, I was enchanted by the exquisite refinement of traditions such as the incense ceremony, and impressed by such singularities as the penchant to miniaturize—poems, trees, cars, and even whole landscapes. Like the sound of Basho’s frog—stunning and evocative. Above all, the extraordinary appeal that Japan’s religious traditions exerted on me remained a mystery to my Japanese friends and a veritable wedge between us. How could I explain my enthusiasm for the sheer abundance of forms of prayer, ritual, and meditation as found in the esoteric traditions of Shingon, Shugendo, and Tendai where mudras, mantras, and the 108-beaded juzu worked in tandem with cleansing waterfalls and purifying goma fires? All these seemed explicitly designed to engage the whole body with its myriad sensations and to quell busy minds and hearts through total engagement rather than austere renunciation. So swept up was I in new ways of thinking and feeling that I had room for little else. Only at unexpected moments—an incomprehensible phrase or a missed cue—would I realize with a shock that I was not Japanese after all and that Izanagi and Izanami were not my mythical matrix. I can easily link this cognitive dissonance to the puzzle that ancestor veneration posed for me. It was a stumbling block that I could not seem to surmount because I lacked the experience that would allow me to grasp it.
During the year that I lived in the remote Goto Islands and did research on Japan’s “Hidden Christians,” I expected to find this community completely distinct from people of other religious traditions in these islands. The experience of persecution and secrecy had certainly isolated this group historically. But whether a Buddhist sect, a Shinto branch, a “Hidden Christian” village, a new, or a new-new religion, reverence for ancestors seemed perhaps the one common theme that could bind all these disparate strands and render them all transparently Japanese. Although ancestor veneration is a feature found in other civilizations as distinct as those of China and Africa, the puzzle that immediately confronted me was a Japanese one in all its concreteness. Closely related to ancestor reverence was the practice of “kuyo” or memorial services. I learned that just dying or being dead in itself, even for a very long time, would not automatically convert a person into an ancestor. According to some traditions, it took fifty years to become a true ancestor. During that time the potential ancestor was the object of great care, the recipient of numerous rites and offerings of fruit, incense, and scripture that would gradually refine the spirit and confer upon him or her the status of “ancestor.” That was precisely the point—to be an ancestor was a status to achieve but it could not be done alone. It depended on the collaboration and goodwill of one’s descendants. Various as they might be, these memorial practices constituted tangible links in a long chain that kept the past tightly fastened to the present.
The shift in my own consciousness towards an understanding of this cultural puzzle was a gradual one that laid the foundation for a radical change in my relationship with my own
