in ㄹ l. e.g., 살 sal in 살다 salda “to live”3. Conjugation of Regular Verbs
e class #1. S + e
Endings beginning with ㄱ g, ㅈ j, or ㄷ d combine directly with the stem of a verb. Among them are -고 -go “and,” -거나 -geona “or,” -기 -gi (nominalizer), -겠- -get- (future), -지 -ji (nominalizer), -지만 -jiman “but,” -자 -ja (propositive), and -도록 -dorok “so that.”
e class #2. (i) S + e (ii) Sㄹ + e
When endings like -니? -ni? (interrogative), -는데 -neunde “but,” and -는 -neun (adnominal) are attached to the stem of ㄹ verbs, the stem-final ㄹ l is deleted. For all other verbs, they combine directly with the stem of the verb. The majority of the endings beginning with a syllable-initial ㄴ n go for this class.
e class #3. (i) Sv + e (ii) Sㄹ + e (iii) Sc + 으 + e
Endings beginning with ㅁ m or syllable-initial ㄹ are directly attached to the stem which ends with a vowel or ㄹ. When they are attached to a stem which ends with a consonant other than ㄹ, by contrast, the vowel 으 eu intervenes between the stem and the ending to facilitate the pronunciation. -(으)면 -(eu)myeon “if,” -(으)ㅁ -(eu)m (nominalizer), and -(으)려고 -(eu)ryeogo “in order to” follow this rule.
e class #4. (i) Sv + e (ii) Sㄹ + e (iii) Sc + 으/스/느 + e
Class #4 endings are directly attached to the stem which ends with a vowel, but when they combine with ㄹ verbs, the stem-final ㄹ r/l is dropped. And when they are attached to the stem ending with a consonant other than ㄹ, either of the vowels 으 eu, 느 neu, and 스 seu is inserted between the stem and the ending. Endings beginning with ㅅ s, or syllable-final ㄹ/ㅂ/ㄴ r/p/n follow this rule. They include -(으)세요 -(eu)seyo (imperative), -(으)ㄹ -(eu)l (adnominal), -(스)ㅂ니다 -(seu)pnida (declarative), -(스)ㅂ니까? -(seu)pnikka? (interrogative), -(으)ㅂ시다 -(eu)psida (propositive), -(느)ㄴ다 -(neu)nda (declarative), -(으)ㄴ -(eu)n (adnominal). As an exception, -(으)니까 -(eu)nikka “so, therefore” belongs to this class, although it begins with syllable-initial ㄴ n.
e class #5.
(i) Sㅏ/ㅗ + e (-아) (ii) Sㅓ/ㅜ + e (-어) (iii) S + e + (-여)
Class #5 endings have three different forms depending on the stem they are attached to. If the stem ends in a syllable with ㅏ a or ㅗ o, the 아 a form is attached to it; if the stem ends in a syllable with other vowels, the 어 eo form is attached to it; the 하 verbs take the 여 yeo form and it overrides the prior rules. -아/어/여 -a/eo/yeo (declarative), -아요/어 요/여요 -ayo/eoyo/yeoyo (declarative), -았어요/었어요/였어요 -asseoyo/eosseoyo/yeo sseoyo (declarative past), -아라/어라/여라 -ara/eora/yeora (imperative), and -아서/어 서/여서 -aseo/eoseo/yeoseo “so, therefore” belong to Class #5.
가 + 아, 서 + 어, and 하 + 여 become 가, 서, and 해 respectively, according to the rules of vowel contraction. The exhaustive list of vowel contraction is shown below.
• Rules of Vowel Contraction
4. Conjugation of Irregular Verbs
4.1. ㅅ irregular verbs
ㅅ irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with ㅅ s. They lose their ㅅ s before endings beginning with a vowel.
The following verbs have stems ending in ㅅ, but they follow the regular conjugation rules: 벗다 beotda “to take off,”웃다 utda “to laugh,” 씻다 ssitda “to wash,” 빗다 bitda “to comb.”
4.2. ㅂ irregular verbs
ㅂ irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with ㅂ p. The ㅂ p becomes w before endings beginning with a vowel. Note that w and 으 eu merge to form 우 u.
The following verbs have stems ending in ㅂ, but they follow the regular conjugation rules: 잡다 japda “to take,” 뽑다 ppopda “to pull out,” 씹다 ssipda “to chew,” 입다 ipda “to wear.”
4.3. ㄷ irregular verbs
ㄷ irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with ㄷ t. The ㄷ t becomes ㄹ r before endings beginning with a vowel.
The following verbs have stems ending in ㄷ, but they follow the regular conjugation rules: 받다 batda “to take,” 닫다 datda “to close,” 얻다 eotda “to get,” 믿다 mitda “to believe.”
4.4. 르 irregular verbs
르 irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with 르 reu. The stem-final 르 reu becomes ㄹㄹ ll before an ending beginning with 아 a or 어 eo.
aesseuda 애쓰다 to try, to endeavor
| Present | Past | Future | ||
| Declarative | I | 애써 aesseo | 애썼어 aesseoseo | 애쓰겠어/애쓸 거야 aesseugeseo/aesseul kkeoya |
| II | 애써요 aesseoyo | 애썼어요 aesseoseoyo | 애쓰겠어요/애쓸 거예요 aesseugeseoyo/aesseul kkeoyeyo | |
| III | 애쓴다 aesseunda | 애썼다 aesseottta | 애쓰겠다/애쓸 거다 aesseugettta/aesseul kkeoda | |
| IV | 애씁니다 aesseumnida | 애썼습니다 aesseotsseumnida | 애쓰겠습니다/애쓸 겁니다 aesseugetsseumnida/aesseul kkeomnida | |
| Interrogative | I | 애써?aesseo | 애썼어?aesseoseo | 애쓰겠어?/
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