Tuttle Chinese-English Dictionary. Li Dong

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X

       Y

       Z

       Appendices

       1 Common Chinese Family Names

       2 Common English Names with Chinese Transcriptions

       100 Common Surnames

       100 Common Male Given Names

       100 Common Female Given Names

       3 Chinese Place Names

       Provinces

       Autonomous Regions

       Municipalities under direct jurisdiction

       Special administrative regions

      Introducing Chinese

      1 PRONUNCIATION

      1.1 Vowels

      SINGLE VOWELS

      There are seven basic single vowels:

asimilar to a in ah
esimilar to a in ago
êsimilar to e in ebb (this sound never occurs alone and is transcribed as e, as in ei, ie, ue)
isimilar to ee in cheese (spelled y when not preceded by a consonant)
osimilar to oe in toe
usimilar to oo in boot (spelled w when not preceded by a consonant)
üsimilar to German ü in über or French u in tu; or you can get ü by saying i and rounding your lips at the same time (spelled u after j, q, x; spelled yu when not preceded by a consonant)

      VOWEL COMBINATIONS

      These single vowels combine with each other or with the consonants of n or ng to form what are technically known as diphthongs. These combinations are pronounced as a single sound, with a little more emphasis on the first part of the sound.

      You can learn these combinations in four groups:

Group 1:diphthongs starting with a/e/ê
aisimilar to y in my
aosimilar to ow in how
an
ang
en
eng
eisimilar to ay in may
Group 2:diphthongs starting with i
ia
iesimilar to ye in yes
iao
iousimilar to you (spelled iu when preceded by a consonant)
ian
iensimilar to in (spelled in when preceded by a consonant)
iengsimilar to En in English (spelled ing when preceded by a consonant)
iangsimilar to young
iong
Group 3:diphthongs starting with u/o
ua
uo
uaisimilar to why in British English
ueisimilar to way (spelled ui when preceded by a consonant)
uan
uen(spelled un when preceded by a consonant)
ueng
uang
ong
Group 4:diphthongs starting with ü
üeused only after j, q, x; spelled ue
üenused only after j, q, x; spelled un
üanused only after j, q, x; spelled uan

      1.2 Consonants

      Consonants may be grouped in the following ways.

Group 1:These consonants are almost the same in Chinese and English.
CHINESEENGLISH
mm
nn
ff
ll
ss
rr
bpronounced as hard p (as in speak)
pp (as in peak)
gpronounced as hard k (as in ski)
kk (as in key)
dpronounced as hard t (as in star)
tt (as in tar)
Group 2:Some modification is needed to get these Chinese sounds from English.
CHINESEENGLISH
jas j in jeep (but unvoiced, not round-lipped)
qas ch in cheese (but not round-lipped)
xas sh in sheep (but not round-lipped)
cas ts as in cats (make it long)
zas ds as in beds (but unvoiced, and make it long)

      Group 3: No English counterparts

      Chinese zh, ch, and sh have no English counterparts. You can learn to say zh, ch and sh starting from z, c and s. For example, say s (which is almost the same as the English s in sesame) and then roll up your tongue to touch the roof of your mouth. You get sh.

      TONES

      Chinese is a tonal language, i.e. a sound pronounced in different tones is understood as different words. So the tone is an indispensable component of the pronunciation of a word.

      1.3 Basic tones

      There are four basic tones. The following five-level pitch graph shows the values of the four tones:

      • The First Tone is a high, level tone and is represented as ¯, e.g. 妈 mā (meaning mother, mom).

      • The Second Tone is a high, rising tone and is represented by the tone mark ́, e.g. 麻 má (hemp or sesame).

      • The Third Tone is a falling, then rising tone. As you can see from the pitch graph it falls from below the middle of the voice range to nearly the bottom and then rises to a point near the top. It is represented by the tone mark ˇ, e.g. 马 mǎ (horse).

      • The Fourth Tone is a falling tone. It falls from high to low and is represented by the tone mark ̀, e.g. 骂 mà (curse).

      In Chinese speech, as in English speech, some sounds are unstressed, i.e. pronounced short and soft. They do not have any of the four tones. Such sounds are said to have Neutral Tone. Sounds with the neutral tone are not marked. For example in 爸爸 bàba (daddy) the first syllable is pronounced in the fourth tone and the second syllable in the neutral tone, i.e. unstressed.

      TONE CHANGES

      Tones may undergo changes in actual speech (“tone sandhi”). The third tone, when followed by a first, second, fourth or neutral tone sound, loses its final rise and stops at the low pitch. Followed by another third tone sound, it becomes the second tone. This is a general rule and the notation of third tone sounds remains unchanged.

      For example, in 所以 suǒyǐ (therefore, so), notation remains the third tone for both syllables, but the word is actually pronounced like suóyǐ.

      Two important words 不 bù (no) and 一 yī (one) also undergo tone changes. You will find the details of their tone changes under these entries.

      1.4 Syllables: Distinct units

      Normally

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