based on sterile rosettes alone.
Sagittaria rigida—inflorescence ×1/2
Sagittaria rigida—leaf variation ×1/5
Sagittaria rigida ×1/4
Sagittaria rigida
| Subulate arrowhead | Sagittaria subulata (L.) L. Buch |
PNHP
Native
Rooted, emergent or submergent perennial
This perennial species spreads by stolons to form a turf in the freshwater intertidal zone along the Delaware River and some of its tributaries. The plants are completely exposed at low tide and inundated at high tide. The 2.5–5 cm-long leaves are linear, sometimes with just a suggestion of an expanded blade at the tip. Flowering stems are slightly taller than the leaves and bear 2–3 whorls of flowers. Sepals of the fruiting heads are spreading or recurved. Flowering occurs from June to early September.
Subulate arrowhead has a limited global range in coastal areas of North America from Massachusetts to Mississippi. It is classified as a rare species in Pennsylvania.
Subulate arrowhead often occurs with long-lobed arrowhead, another species of freshwater tidal flats. See discussion above under Sagittaria calycina on how to distinguish these two species.
Sagittaria subulata ×2/3
Sagittaria subulata
Sagittaria subulata
BEGGAR-TICKS/BUR-MARIGOLD
BIDENS L.
Aster Family—Asteraceae
Bidens species are herbaceous annuals with opposite leaves and small flowers clustered in heads surrounded by an involucre which consists of large, leafy outer bracts and smaller membranous inner bracts. Additional (receptacular) bracts are associated with each individual floret.
Of the species treated here, only Bidens laevis produces ray flowers; all, however, are insect-pollinated. The fruits are achenes with 2–4 awns. These species are plants of shallow water of stream or lake margins or freshwater tidal marshes. The seeds are eaten by waterfowl.
Note: Bidens frondosa and Bidens cernua are included in the key due to their similarity to Bidens discoidea and Bidens laevis respectively. These species are not described below as they do not fit the criteria for aquatic plants treated in this work, despite the fact that they may occasionally occur in marginal habitat areas.
Key to Aquatic Species of Beggar-ticks and Bur-marigold
A. leaves compound
B. outer involucral bracts 3–5, not ciliate ............................................. Bidens discoidea
B. outer involucral bracts 5–10, ciliate ............................................. Bidens frondosa
A. leaves simple
C. leaves sessile; showy ray florets present
D. rays 1.5–3 cm long, receptacular bracts red-tinged ...................... Bidens laevis
D. rays less than 1.5 cm long, receptacular bracts yellowish .... Bidens cernua
C. leaves with distinct petioles; ray florets not present ................. Bidens bidentoides
| Swamp Beggar-ticks | Bidens bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton |
PNHP
Native
Rooted, emergent annual
Swamp beggar-ticks is a plant of freshwater tidal marshes. It has opposite leaves that are simple and coarsely toothed; the heads contain only disk flowers. A characteristic that distinguishes it from all the other Bidens species in our range is the upward pointing barbs on the awns of the achenes (visible with a 10X lens).
Swamp beggar-ticks typically grows in the upper zone of the tidal marsh where its roots are inundated at high tide but the upper stem remains above water. Its range includes freshwater tidal marshes of the estuaries of coastal rivers in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.
Bidens bidentoides—achene ×2, note upward-pointing barbs on awns
Bidens bidentoides ×1/3
Bidens bidentoides
Bidens bidentoides
| Small beggar-ticks | Bidens discoidea (Torr. & A.Gray) Britton |
PNHP
Native
Rooted, emergent annual
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