The Penn Commentary on Piers Plowman, Volume 4. Traugott Lawler
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However, David Aers (2004), in the course of demolishing Patience’s arguments (see above, 15.32–33n), offers a sympathetic view of the value of Actyf’s work both for himself and others. This view is taken up at length by Watson 2007, who sets Actyf’s “bottom up heaven” against Patience’s “top down heaven” (91), sympathizes like Aers with the system of production or “social structure” that Actyf is part of, and like Aers points out that “it is in fact only such a structure that can support the zealous indifference to worldly goods Patience himself advocates” (109). He sees Actyf as browbeaten into his final state of wanhope and self-loathing by Patience the “spiritual elitist” with “his slogans, his swagger, his certainty,” and “ever more self-absorbed answers, until [Actyf] ends the passus, and leaves the poem, bewailing everything he has done and been since the moment of his baptism, wishing that he were not who he is” (108). Kirk more positively associates Actyf’s tears with a series of earlier moments of weeping or mourning; she calls it a “cathartic awareness” on his part, and on mankind’s, argues “that a larger reality surrounds and redefines” him and it, and concludes sympathetically that “The B Poet’s final definition of DoWell is not a formula but an image: Haukyn weeping in his dirty coat” (1972:158).
For a similarly balanced view, guided by Konrad Burdach’s findings long ago that the doctrines of poverty and ne solliciti sitis were associated with the idealization of labor, see Frank 1957:32–33, 76 (Burdach 1926–32: 294–96, 351–54). Watson’s sympathy for Actyf is perhaps more a function of his dislike of Patience than of any genuine appeal, aside from victimhood, in Actyf. I wish he had paid some attention to the C text, which substantially rewrites the scene, perhaps because L felt some of the very objections Watson feels, or just found the whole presentation ambivalent. The coat is gone, the confession of sins is gone, the wanhope and tears at the end are gone. Patience’s offer of food from his bag comes right after Actyf’s initial account of himself. The inadequacy of the active life compared to the “patient” life is still the point, of course, but Actyf is not in this version subjected to humiliation the way he is in B. As Anna Baldwin finely says, “Patient poverty is desired by the Activa Vita of the C-text for its own sake, and not primarily as a weapon against his own sin” (1990:83).
In B, then, Actyf’s chief mark is his sinfulness, the chief events the confession and repentance he goes through under the guidance of Conscience and Patience. (For his likeness to Will, see below, 193–98n.) But all the matter in the confession was moved in C to the Seven Deadly Sins section in passūs 6 and 7; leaving Actyf as ignorant and boastful as he was in B, but not notably marked by sinfulness. This probably accounts for the disappearance of the somewhat derogatory name Haukyn, though calling him Actyf still accentuates his role as Patience’s opposite. He has in the second half of the passus a role like the doctor’s in the first half: as Patience and Conscience shone there against the doctor’s arrogance, they will shine here against Actyf’s ignorance, for Will’s edification. Probably the most important thing about him in C is that he provides food: that sets him against all the spiritual dishes that Patience liked so well at the dinner in the first half, and sets him up for Patience’s offer of the food fiat voluntas tua.
In both versions Actyf is prompted in part by the agere/pati topos (for which see Crampton 1974) implicit in the role of Patience, in part by the prominence earlier in the passus, and in the several previous passūs, of the “Do” triad (not to mention Patience’s and Conscience’s present conversation), in part by the food theme; and perhaps also by Psalm 14, as I have argued earlier in this note.
I don’t think Active vs. Contemplative, the rubric Pearsall invokes, is of much importance. In the phrase “Activa Vita,” “vita” probably just translates English “life,” that is, in a frequent Langlandian usage, “estate,” “occupation,” or even just “person.” So we should probably think of him as just “an Active Man,” rather than, allegorically, as “the Active Life.” But Pearsall’s note is in general good, and he stresses the way that in B Actyf is “a compelling portrait of sinful and repentant humanity,” in C mostly just set up to be instructed by Patience. In both versions his major purpose seems to be to serve as a foil for Patience, and as an opportunity for Patience to expound his views. In C he turns out to have a “leader,” Liberum arbitrium, who is not mentioned, and plays no role, until 16.158 when he suddenly replaces Patience and Conscience, but is presumably leading Actyf the whole time.
Curtis Perrin makes the excellent point that Actyf takes on Will’s earlier role of “clueless questioner” in a new “comedy of correction” (2006:169). Many critics, including Robertson and Huppé 1951:169, Carruthers 1973:121–22, and, most notably, Staley 2002 try to connect Actyf’s dirty coat to Matthew’s parable of the man without a wedding garment, unconvincingly to me.
190 (B.13.221) They mette with a mynstral: Not “We met.” Even in the C version, where Will says he followed Patience and Conscience, L seems bent on not letting him do anything in this episode but look and listen, until Liberum arbitrium, Actyf’s