The New Art and Science of Teaching. Robert J. Marzano

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cooperative learning The teacher organizes students in teams of equal size (for example, four members) and the content into as many categories as there are team members (for example, four categories). The teacher assigns individual team members to each content chunk to become experts. They then return to their teams to present their content. Reciprocal teaching After the teacher presents the chunk of content, the discussion leader in a group asks questions about the information presented, and the group members discuss each question. Someone from the group summarizes the content presented so far, and the group members make predictions about the upcoming chunk of content, beginning the cycle again. Concept attainment The teacher asks students to identify, compare, and contrast examples and nonexamples of a concept. Think-pair-share The teacher asks students to think critically about a question, pair up with another classmate to come to a consensus on their answer to the question, and then share their response with other groups or the whole class. Scripted cooperative dyads Students take notes about the main idea and key details of new content. The teacher breaks students into groups of two and assigns each student to act either as the recaller or the listener. The recaller summarizes the content without looking at his or her notes, while the listener adds missing information and corrects any errors in the recaller’s summary. Students switch roles during the next chunk.

      Source: Adapted from Marzano Research, 2016bb.

      All the strategies in table 3.2 focus on helping students process the content in such a way as to increase their comprehension and retention. However, they do so in different ways. Two of the strategies—perspective analysis and thinking hats—require students to think about the content in unusual ways. For example, perspective analysis requires students to identify their own position on a topic and the reasoning supporting it. Students next consider a different position on the topic and the reasoning behind it.

      A few strategies provide very specific procedures for how students are to process the content. For example, the jigsaw strategy requires students to meet in groups to become local experts on specific aspects of the new content being presented. Local experts then report back to their original groups, sharing what they have learned.

      Some of the strategies focus more on the collaboration process. For example, the strategy of scripted cooperative dyads requires students to interact from the perspective of one of two roles: (1) recaller and (2) listener. Students continually shift roles, providing for a systematic dialogue about the new content.

      When the strategies in this element produce the desired effects, teachers will observe the following behaviors in students.

      • Students appear to be actively interacting with the content.

      • Students volunteer predictions.

      • Students can explain what they have just learned.

      • Students voluntarily ask clarification questions.

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